Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Development and Validation of a Scale of Influence

of Cotton Associations on Territorial Governance in
Nampula – Mozambique
Paulo, Hilário1
1
University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro,
CETRAD, Vila Real, Portugal

Abstract:- The objective of this research was to develop I. INTRODUCTION

and validate a scale of the influence of cotton production
associations in territorial governance in the Nampula In the nineteenth century, the cotton crop was
region of Mozambique. The process was divided into two introduced in Mozambique and over the years went through
stages. In the first stage, items were produced after a different production models, as mentioned by Arlindo
broad review of the literature and electronic platforms of (2010). At present, cotton production is carried out mainly
civil society organizations, NGOs and cotton farmers' by small producers, who may or may not be organized in
associations operating in the study region. After that, associations, based on the system of concessions of areas to
these statements were submitted to a panel of experts for cotton ginning companies. These companies are responsible
content and face validity. While in the second stage, a for fostering and extending the cultivation of cotton, which
cross-sectional survey was conducted with cotton leads to a monopsony market in this subsector, as pointed
producers organized in associations of thirteen districts out by Mosca (2011)
of Nampula province in northern Mozambique, for
construct validity and reliability. A paper survey was The cotton subsector is a significant source of income
carried out on producers with the authorization of the for rural areas in Mozambique. This is reflected not only in
competent authorities. A total of 250 responses were the local economy, but also in the weight of cotton in the
country's trade balance, since it is one of the most exported
received, imported into the SPSS for data analysis. To
evaluate the construct validity, an exploratory factor agricultural products in recent decades, as pointed out by
analysis was performed, while the reliability of the Bruna (2017).
instrument was determined by Cronbach's alpha In developing countries, including Mozambique,
coefficient. The results indicated a scale of 25 items agriculture is still the foundation of the rural economy, with
structured in five dimensions, namely, district approximately 2.6 billion people directly dependent on
performance (5 items), political participation of agriculture for their livelihoods. (Gil et al., 2019). But in the
associates (5 items), impact of associationism on district current neoliberal economic model, there are market barriers
performance (5 items), productive efficiency of associates associated with price and quota instability and imbalances in
(5 items) and cotton associations as agents of territorial bargaining power, which prevent agriculture from
governance (5 items), each statement presented load contributing enough to overcome the levels of poverty that
forces greater than 0.50 and the model explained 62.71% characterize these populations (Alain & Sadoule, 2007;
of the total variance. The values of the reliability Arbolino et al., 2018). Based on theories of endogenous
coefficient for the global scale (CA = 0.827), as well as for development and social capital, it has been argued that the
both subdimensions, such as "district performance" (CA qualities associated with territorial identity, shared
= 0.949), "political participation of associates" (CA = landscape and leadership are intangible assets that could be
0.705), "impact of associationism on district mobilized to stimulate associativity and mutual
performance" (CA = 0.500), "productive efficiency of collaboration around common interests (Dale et al., 2020;
associates" (CA = 0.543) and "cotton associations as Leonard, 2019). The aspirations to quality of life and the
agents of territorial governance" (CA = 0.556) were predominant sources of wealth in each territory are the
excellent. The correlation coefficients of the retest ranged attractions that can motivate the organization of people.
from 0.813 to 0.917, which also appeared at a satisfactory These networks of interaction are the muscle of Territorial
level. Thus, the newly developed instrument emerged as a Governance (TG) (Abel et al., 2019; Plata, 2013)
reliable and valid measure for the evaluation of the
influence of cotton associations on territorial governance Recent studies recognize the importance of rural
in Nampula. This research makes a valid contribution to cooperatives and producer associations as sources of social
the analysis of the influence of cotton associations in the capital, in terms of cohesion, knowledge exchange and
province of Nampula in particular, since such a scale is mutual collaboration networks (Bernard & Spielman, 2009;
not available in the existing literature. Pappalardo et al., 2018). These rural alliances between
producers have a significant influence on many associated
Keywords:- Cotton associations; content validity; construct farmers, who can thus benefit from reduced transaction
validity; Cotton influence scale, Mozambique. costs, greater bargaining power and better access to financial
resources; also, through training to achieve greater

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
administrative capacity of their holdings (Donovan & Poole, To understand how cotton activity influences other
2014; Gallego, 2008; Markelova et al., 2009; Schmit & dimensions of territorial development and how these
Gomez, 2011). Cooperative links are not limited to the dimensions interact to form a territorial governance model
associated group because, in their management of new that promotes local development, this research was planned
markets and benefits, they build alliances both with the to develop and, therefore, validate a scale of measurement of
private sector (wholesalers and intermediaries) and with the influence of cotton associations on territorial governance
government entities (Lan & Peng, 2018; Promme et al., in Nampula. It is important to highlight that the cotton
2017). In addition, because they have solidarity community economy is the central point of socio-cultural relations in the
purposes, these organizations go beyond the merely territory of cultivation, and the results obtained from this
productive and commercial to assume objectives of the measurement can better clarify the externalities generated in
common well-being of their territories of influence, favor of local development.
something that leads them to join social networks that
acquire shared views on community development issues This study contributes to the existing literature on
(Michalek, 2018; Torfing, 2012). territorial governance in general and local development,
since such an instrument is not available in any literature to
The interaction between different actors, including the date. It will also help professionals in the analysis of
government, in projects with collective benefits is referred mechanisms to promote local development and the
to by several authors as Territorial Governance. It is, promotion of community well-being, in making decisions
therefore, a network of collaboration between those about which models endogenous to each rural reality should
involved in the management of a given territory. (Herrera be better adjusted to boost development using local
Hernández, 2012; Mangnus, 2019). It contains the idea of capacities.
governance because consensus and objectives achieved
because of coordinating multisectoral efforts remain in the The subsequent exposition is organized into three
political arena (Aguilar, 2010; Jorquera, 2011). Then, it is distinct parts, preceded by an introductory chapter. The first
territorial because most of the actors who manage to join the part addresses the materials and methods used in conducting
networks have the feeling of belonging to the territories this study. The second part focuses on the presentation and
where they live or work (Ansell & Gash, 2018; Saner et al., discussion of the results obtained. Finally, the third part is
n.d.). aimed at the conclusions of the research.

In rural areas, local cooperatives and producer II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
associations are among the traditional institutions with great
influence on exercise leadership and intermediation with and The present study was conducted in two distinct
through local authorities (Da Silva & Salanek Filho, 2009; stages. In the first stage, items with the potential to measure
Triboulet, 2015). The success of these organizations the influence of cotton growers' associations in Nampula
associated with the predominant productive fabric in each province on territorial governance in Mozambique were
territory encourages the formation of other networks of generated. These items were developed based on a broad
community actors who seek access to better conditions of literature review, as well as on the electronic platforms of
well-being (Freire, 2019; Wan et al., 2020). For this reason, civil society organizations, NGOs and cotton growers'
this network of actors is defined as the agent of governance. associations operating in the study region. These items were
Since, in this way, resources or knowledge can be shared then submitted to a panel of experts for content validity. In
through mechanisms of daily interaction and trust that lead the second stage, a cross-sectional survey was conducted
community groups to cooperate with each other, beyond with two hundred and fifty participants, members of twenty-
formal procedures or frameworks (Lan & Peng, 2018). three associations located in the thirteen cotton-producing
districts of Nampula Province, in northern Mozambique.
The success of governance reported in various The objective of this step was to investigate the metric
territorial contexts has led to the realization of different properties of the items generated in the first stage, such as
studies that seek to characterize this social phenomenon construct validity and reliability.
(Sathapatyanon et al., 2018). Traditionally, these studies
have focused on measuring the contributions and impact left  Step 1: Scale development - item generation
by governance processes. These evaluations were based on This study used both deductive and inductive approaches
performance or progress indicators of certain factors for item generations. The development of the deductive
associated with the social or economic well-being of a scale requires an extensive review of the related literature
particular place or territory. More recently, some authors along with a clear understanding of the constructs, while the
have recognized the systemic nature of governance, in terms development of the inductive scale involves the generation
of the different economic, social, political, and cultural of items asking participants for descriptions related to the
dimensions of the territory that are influenced during and phenomenon under investigation (Hinkin, 1995).
through the processes of governance construction (Fischer & A bottom-up approach was employed in the generation
Chhatre, 2016; Martínez et al., 2019). This new line of of the items for this study, using the literature review and
research recognizes TG as a complex phenomenon where the platforms of interaction with the public of civil society
different variables and factors interact with each other and organizations, NGOs, cotton producer associations, district
affect each other in the relationships of dependence and governments and concession companies for the promotion
interdependence (Stoker, 2018). of cotton in the study area, to identify the relevant

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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constructs. In addition, group interviews were conducted  Step 2: Validation of the construct validity and
with the two hundred and fifty members of the cotton reliability scale.
growers' associations of the districts of Eráti (19), Lalaua To evaluate the construct validity of the instrument,
(20), Malema (19), Meconta (19), Mecuburi (20), Malema analyses of the composition and of the instrument itself were
(18), Monapo (19), Mugovolas (16), Muecate (21), performed. These analyses were conducted by calculating
Murrupula (20), Nacaroa (22), Rapale (19), Ribaué (18), the variability of the items and the exploratory factor
involved in cotton production in the 2022/2023 season in the analysis of all 25 items. The software used for this process
form of associates, for reconceptualization and discovery of was SPSS® for Windows® version 22.0 and principal
the constructs not yet identified in the existing literature. component analysis with varimax rotation was applied. The
The responses of the participants were examined using the adequacy of the sample was assessed using the Kaiser-
thematic analysis technique. To capture the scope of Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic, while the presence of
territorial governance in Mozambique, the Scale of correlation between the statements was tested by Bartlett's
influence of cotton farmers' associations in Nampula sphericity test. To evaluate the reliability of the instrument,
province was created from a broad review of the literature Cronbach's alpha coefficient values were calculated for each
and the results of focus group interviews. The initial set of item of the instrument, as well as for the global scale and its
30 items was generated based on this process. An initial set sub-dimensions.
of 30 items was examined to avoid duplication and merging
of some items, if possible, which resulted in a final list of 27 III. POPULATION AND DATA COLLECTION
items to measure the influence of cotton growers'
associations in Nampula province on territorial governance This study selected thirteen cotton-producing districts
in Mozambique on a 5-point Likert scale namely 1=strongly of Nampula Province. The selection of districts was not only
disagree, 2=disagree, 3=indifferent, 4=agree and 5=strongly limited to the evaluation of the productive capacity of
agree, has been finalized. cotton, but also considered the production rates of the last
five years. These indices represented more than 50% of the
 Appropriateness of content total national cotton production in Mozambique, which
Once the items were generated to measure the influence influenced the final decision.
of cotton associations on territorial governance, the next step
In addition, in many cases, the average annual cotton
was to examine how well these items explore their
production of each district exceeds the average of several
conceptual domain (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Therefore, the
Mozambican provinces that produce this crop. For example,
items initially generated evaluated the extent to which the
the thirteen districts together were able to produce in the
generated influence scale was able to adequately measure
2017/18 agricultural season with the involvement of 61,794
the construct it proposes to measure. Five experts (e.g.,
producers, an amount of about 24,043 tons of cotton seed in
three PhDs, a pedagogue, and a researcher with extensive
an area of 46,985 Ha; 19,588 tons in an area of 91,111 Ha in
research experience around rural development) were invited
the 2018/19 season, with the involvement of 95,488
to review the initial 27 items for both content and structure
producers; 15,800 tons in an area of 80,214 Ha in the
validity. The appropriateness of content (McCallum et al.,
2019/20 season with the involvement of 70,838 producers
2022; Upadhyaya et al., 2022), content validity (Supo, 2020)
and 16,953 tons in an area of 66,993 Ha involving 70,838
refers to whether the content of the scale is capable of
producers in the 2020/21 season and 10,113 tons in an area
measuring what is intended to be measured, that is, the
of 65,816 Ha in the 2021/22 season with involvement of
defined construct (Firouzbakht et al., 2018; Fornaciari et al.,
68,086 producers (CAP, 2022).
2005). This study adopted a matrix method for content
validity of the influence scale. A matrix method reports the Cotton production in the study region is an important
relationship of the items with the dimensions of the source of income for more than 1.5 million rural inhabitants,
construct (Podsakoff et al., 2003). Experts were asked to representing an economic activity practiced by more than
classify randomly ordered items into one of several 300,000 peasant families (Mosca, 2011). On average, these
categories (e.g., dimension participation in political families have five members. The sale of cotton provides
decision-making processes at district level and 'other' these families with resources to acquire food, clothing,
dimensions). The expert panel examined whether each item necessities, as well as agricultural instruments and inputs. In
fits into each category through the matrix method. Of the 27 addition, the income also helps to pay for the education of
items, 25 items were assigned to the proper category with children, the health of families, especially the health care of
90% or more by the panel of experts. The remaining two pregnant women and children, as well as other facilities. For
items were deleted to ensure that the measure was neither all these reasons, cotton production is seen as an important
deficient nor comminate, resulting in a revised scale tool in the fight against rural poverty in producing regions
composed of 25 items to measure the influence of cotton (MOÇAMBIQUE, n.d.; MTESS & UEM, 2017).
associations on territorial governance in Nampula. After
verifying the content validity, the face validity was The cotton production and handling chain generates
evaluated to determine whether the appearance of the items more than 20,000 salaried jobs, including those that are
was adequate or not. Overall, the expert panel reported the temporary. This economic activity is an important source of
facial validity of the 25 as being good, adequate, and clear. subsistence for thousands of families, who can enjoy the
In addition, the pilot test for facial validity was performed same advantages described above. In addition, for the
with 35 participants, which was not included in the study country, about 10 companies have cotton as their main
sample and slightly revised in a few grammatical aspects.

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activity, being responsible for offices, means of transport homogeneous. The results obtained from the Kaiser-Meyer-
and equipment for agricultural production (MTESS & UEM, Olkin (KMO) sample adequacy measure and Bartlett's
2017). sphericity test proved that the data set was appropriate for
the application of factor analysis. These values met the
In this sense, data had to be collected from at least 250 essential requirements for factor analysis, such as sample
respondents, as recommended by the criterion of Munro adequacy and homogeneity of variance.
(2005), that is, 10 respondents needed for each item to be
studied. Therefore, all producers associated and exercising Exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation was
their agricultural activities in one of the thirteen districts used to determine the number of appropriate factors and the
were considered as the population of this study. The grouping of items in each factor. This technique is widely
research instrument, containing 25 items on the influence of used in exploratory factor analysis because it maximizes the
cotton associations on territorial governance in Nampula variance of the factor load. (Field, 2009; Tabachnick &
along with some socioeconomic variables, created on paper Fidell, 2007). The initial analysis resulted in five factorial
forms, administered with the permission of the authorities solutions with eigenvalues more than one, since the
involved in January-February 2023. The producers were eigenvalue criterion was common to identify useful factors
invited to participate in the research voluntarily. A total of (Churchill et al., 1995; Straub et al., 2004; Supo, 2020).
250 responses were received, which were imported into the These factors explained 75.888% of the total variance
SPPS for data analysis. observed. The criterion of the sedimentation plot, retaining
all factors within the sharp descent before the eigenvalues
IV. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF are leveled (Johnson, 1998; Rencher, 1998; Tabachnick &
RESULTS Fidell, 2007), also corroborated the five-factor solution, as
shown in Figure 1.
A. Construct validity using exploratory factor analysis.
Before factor analysis, the sample adequacy, and the The graph shows the line that goes down from
presence of correlation in the statements needed to be component 1 to component 2 and the more abrupt the
examined. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sample descent demonstrates that component 1 contributes greater
adequacy measure was used to verify whether the sampling variability and the same is true from component 2 to
was appropriate. The KMO measure produced a value .816 component 3. However, it is noted that from component 3 to
that was closer to 1.0, which is excellent (Field, 2009; component 4 there is not much variability, however from
Hutcheson & Sofroniou, 1999; Kaiser, 1981; Tabachnick & component 4 to component 5 brings a good variability. This
Fidell, 2007). Additionally, to evaluate the correlation graph will show us the proportion of variance that explains
between the statements, we proceeded with the Bartlett each of the dimensions in our total result. It's a quick way to
sphericity test. The test result was statistically significant take the SPSS suggestion to know how many dimensions the
(chi-square = χ2 = 1882.347, df = 300, p = 0.000 < 0.05), instrument should have.
which suggested the presence of correlation between the
statements and indicated that the data were not

B. Sedimentation chart

Fig. 1: Sedimentation plot for ACP solution with varimax rotation

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The results of the exploratory factor analysis with efficiency of the associates", was composed of five
varimax rotation are presented in Table 1. The first factor, statements that explained 7.405% of the total variance with
labeled "Political participation of the associates", was an eigenvalue of 1.851. The rotating load ranged from 0.138
composed of five statements that explained 34.190% of the to 0.927. The fourth factor, labeled "District performance,"
total variance with an eigenvalue of 8.548. The rotating was composed of five statements that explained 6.633% of
factor loadings ranged from 0.563 to 0.839. The second the total variance with an eigenvalue of 1.658. The rotating
factor, called "Cotton associations as agents of territorial factor loadings ranged from 0.076 to 0.817. The fifth and
governance", consisted of five statements that were final factor, called "Impact of associationism on district
responsible for 9.523% of the total variance with an performance", consisted of five statements that accounted
eigenvalue of 2.381. The rotating factor loadings ranged for 4.957% of the total variance with an eigenvalue of 1.239.
from 0.565 to 0.841. The third factor, called "Productive The rotating factor loadings ranged from 0.239 to 0.655.

Table 1: Rotating factor loadings for each component of Influence of cotton associations on territorial governance in Nampula
N/O ID* Statements F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
Thanks to the negotiations of the Cotton Growers
Association with the district government /
Agree that the Cotton Growers Association...

... It was possible to electrify the neighborhoods of our

1 Item04 community to boost their activities. ,746
... A hospital was built to improve the quality of services at
2 Item07 the level of our district. ,720

3 Item01 ... Our community has a school for our children. ,716
... The road connecting my community to the district
4 Item06 headquarters village was built/rehabilitated. ,715

5 Item08 ... He built a courthouse to improve the quality of justice

,704
services at our district level.
... legalize my field of cultivation, and today, I have the ,770
6 Item10 Right of Use and Exploitation of Land (RUEL).
7 Item09 ... The Government has set up birth and death registration ,651
brigades at our community level.
8 Item15 ... Are you exposed to political requests? ,635
9 Item14 ... He has built a district jail for the seclusion of the ,532
criminals who terrorize our community.
... Do you work with others to solve local problems? ,505
10 Item22

11 Item21 Does it convince others to vote? ,927

... Do you participate in the political discussions initiated ,895
12 Item16 by the district government?

13 Item20 ... Do you solicit cash contributions to political causes? ,387

14 Item13 ... We have access to mobile phone network and internet in ,283
our communities
15 Item18 ... Are you engaged in a political campaign? ,138
16 Item11 ... We can negotiate and sell our products at the right price. ,817
17 Item12 ... we have access to radio and TV in our communities ,772
18 Item23i ... Did it play a major role in accessing credit to boost its ,318
agricultural activities?
19 Item05 ... The district government decided to build the police ,086
station in our neighborhood to ensure public safety.
20 Item03 ... the district government has opened drinking water ,076
sources for our community.

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21 Item25 ... Maintains contact with national leaders – social ,655
reference?
22 Item02 ... Our community has a public transport system that allows ,366
us to move freely.
23 Item24i ... Maintains contact with local leaders – social reference? ,372
24 Item19 ... participates in meetings where political issues are ,467
discussed and defined?
25 Item17 ... Are you trying to persuade someone to vote a certain ,239
way?

C. Reliability Analysis indicates the lowest level of reliability (Field, 2009). The
The reliability of the Scale of Influence of cotton proposed value of Cronbach's alpha is 0.8 to be the
associations on territorial governance in Nampula was minimum acceptable standard for internal consistency
determined using both types, i.e., internal reliability and (Nunnally, 1978; Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994). The table of
external reliability. Internal reliability refers to the DOMAIN-TOTAL with rotation outlined the details of the
consistency of scores between items within a test, while reliability analysis of the statements loaded global factor
external reliability refers to the stability of a test and while the table ITEM-DOMAIN with rotation presents the
assesses the extent to which a test varies from one use to Cronbach's alpha coefficients of each of the domains labeled
another (McLeod, 2007). "district performance" (CA = 0.949), "political participation
of the associates" (CA = 0.705), "impact of associativism on
 Internal reliability district performance" (CA = 0.500), "productive efficiency
The internal consistency of the Scale of Influence of of the associates" (CA = 0.543) and "cotton associations as
cotton associations on territorial governance in Nampula as agents of territorial governance" (CA = 0.556). The
a whole, as well as of each domain, was determined by reliability coefficient range ranged from 0.949 to 0.500 for
calculating the values of Cronbach's alpha (CA), the internal each instruction loaded in this factor. As the values of
reliability coefficient, since it is the most widely used and Cronbach's alpha were high and acceptable, we chose to
accepted measure of internal consistency. The value of CA keep all these statements in this factor.
ranges from zero to one. The value closest to one indicates
the highest level of reliability, while the value closest to zero

Table 3: Internal reliability analysis for the dimension of cotton associations as agents of territorial governance "
N/ Statements Cronbach's
O Thanks to the negotiations of the Cotton Growers Association with the district government / alpha if the
*Agrees that the Cotton Growers Association... item is
deleted
1 ... legalize my field of cultivation, and today, I have the Right of Use and Exploitation of Land (RUEL). 0,770
2 ... The Government has set up birth and death registration brigades at our community level. 0,651
3 *... Are you exposed to political requests? 0,635
4 ... He has built a district jail for the seclusion of the criminals who terrorize our community. 0,532
5 ... Do you work with others to solve local problems? 0,505
Cotton associations as agents of territorial governance 0,556
*Reading the reactive makes sense starting here

Table 4: Internal reliability analysis for the dimension ʺproductive efficiency of the associates"
N/O Statements Cronbach's alpha if
Agree that the Cotton Growers Association... the item is deleted

1 ... Persuade others to vote? 0,927

... Do you participate in the political discussions initiated by the district government? 0,895
2

3 ...Do you solicit cash contributions to political causes? 0,387

4 ...We have access to mobile phone network and internet in our communities 0,283
5 ...Are you engaged in a political campaign? 0,138
Productive efficiency of associates 0,543

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Table 5: Internal reliability analysis for the district performance dimension
N/O Statements Cronbach's alpha if
the item is deleted
Thanks to the negotiations of the Cotton Growers Association with the district
government /
*Agrees that the Cotton Growers Association…

1 ...We are able to negotiate and sell our products at the right price. 0,817
2 ...we have access to radio and TV in our communities 0,772
3 *...played a leading role in accessing credit to boost its agricultural activities? 0,318
4 ...The district government decided to build the police station in our neighborhood to ensure 0,086
public safety.
5 ...the district government has opened drinking water sources for our community. 0,076
District performance 0,949

*Reading the reactive makes sense starting with...

Table 6: Internal reliability analysis for the dimension 'Impact of associations on district performance'
N/O Statements Cronbach's
alpha if the
*Thanks to the negotiations of the Cotton Growers Association with the district item is deleted
government /
Agree that the Cotton Growers Association...

1 ...Maintains contact with national leaders – social reference? 0,655

2 *...Our community has a public transport system that allows us to move freely. 0,366
3 ...Maintains contact with local leaders – social reference? 0,372
4 ... participates in meetings where political issues are discussed and defined? 0,467
5 ... seeks to persuade someone to vote a certain way 0,239
Impact of associations on district performance 0,500

*Reading the reactive makes sense starting here

Tables 3, 4, 5 and 6 presented the reliability analyses that is, 0.827. Thus, it can be concluded that the newly
for factors two, three, four and five with the labels of developed scale presented sufficient internal reliability.
'Productive efficiency of associates', ''District performance'
and 'Impact of associationism on district performance'. The  External reliability
reliability coefficient interval ranged from 0.505 to 0.770 for The external reliability of the Scale of influence of
each instruction loaded in the dimension ʺCotton cotton associations in Nampula province on territorial
associations as agents of territorial governance', from 0.138 governance was evaluated through a test re-test. In this
to 0.927 for the instructions loaded in the dimension strategy, reliability is estimated by calculating the
ʺProductive efficiency of associatesʺ, from 0.076 to 0.817 correlation between two sets of scores obtained by
for the instructions loaded in the dimension ʺDistrict administering the measurement in two occasions (Anyz et
performanceʺ and finally from 0.239 to 0.655 in the al., 2021; Muscat et al., 2021). Thus, the instrument was
instructions loaded in the dimension "Impact of applied twice in the same group of cotton producers, by the
associationism on district performance". Because these same surveyors and in the same places with an interval of
values were also high and acceptable, none of these items two weeks. The questionnaires completed in two sessions
were excluded (Amini et al., 2022; Herring Watson & were compared through their identification numbers,
Rockinson-Szapkiw, n.d.; Lee & Cha, 2021). The resulting in 250 corresponding cases. The influence scores
reliability coefficient values for factors two, three, four and of cotton associations in Nampula province on territorial
five were 0.556, 0.543, 0.949 and 0.500. In addition, the governance in Mozambique were calculated for the two sets
reliability coefficient for the global scale of Influence of of 250 cotton producers. The results indicated the
cotton associations on territorial governance in Nampula correlation between the scores of influence of cotton
was also calculated. The results indicated a very high value associations in the province of Nampula in the territorial
of the reliability coefficients for the Scale of Influence of governance of the test and the re-test, ranging from 0.813 to
cotton associations on territorial governance in Nampula, 0.917, which was acceptable (Housen et al., 2018).

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V. CONCLUSION limitations, the instrument lacks evaluation of its
psychometric properties, such as validity and reliability in
This research developed and validated a scale with other sociocultural, educational, and geographical contexts,
desirable psychometric properties with the potential to to decide whether it is a valid and reliable measure on a
measure the influence of cotton associations in Nampula scale of time and space. In addition, future research should
province on territorial governance. The development and examine the nature of the relationship with different
validation of this scale was completed in two phases. In the personal, socio-academic, and psychological variables. This
first phase, items related to the influence of cotton research would make a valid contribution to the context of
associations in Nampula province on territorial governance territorial governance in general and to cotton governance,
were generated based on an extensive and careful review of since such a scale was not available in the existing literature.
the related literature and information on different electronic The results and implications drawn in this research should
platforms from different stakeholders in territorial not be easily generalized to other population groups, as this
governance in Mozambique, resulting in 27 potential items. study collected one-time data from cotton farmers in
Subsequently, these statements were submitted to a panel of Nampula province, Mozambique. In addition, there may be
experts for content and face validity. Based on the advice sampling bias, because the sample was not randomly drawn,
received from the expert panel, 25 items were finalized and and cotton producers filled out this questionnaire in a
piloted with 250 cotton farmers redistributed in thirteen domestic environment capable of suffering influence from
cotton-producing districts of Nampula province in their relatives.
Mozambique. In the second phase, a cross-sectional survey
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