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Choice Review
Brutsaert (engineering, Cornell Univ.) has provided a fine work and resource volume that will be useful to professionals for its comprehensive treatment of hydrologic science. In 14 chapters it follows the predictable pattern of most treatments of hydrology. An introduction to the global water cycle is followed by four sections treating water in the atmosphere, on the ground surface, and below the surface, and catchment-scale responses to precipitation. A chapter on the history of hydrology and an appendix of mathematical concepts complete the volume. The text is clear and well produced, with advanced material that might be omitted from an undergraduate course clearly identified throughout. This reviewer's only disappointment is the volume's apparent failure to treat snow and ice beyond comments on rain gauge performance. In fact, "snow" does not appear in the index. Given the importance of the solid phase in so many parts of the hydrologic cycle, this omission is surprising. Beyond that surprise, however, the author has provided a fine resource that should be available to researchers in environmental sciences, earth sciences, and water resources, as well as to hydrologists. ^BSumming Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals. N. Caine University of Colorado at Boulder
Table of Contents
Foreword | p. ix |
Note on the text | p. xii |
1 Introduction | p. 1 |
1.1 Definition and scope | p. 1 |
1.2 The hydrologic cycle | p. 2 |
1.3 Some estimates of the global water balance | p. 3 |
1.4 Methodologies and procedures | p. 7 |
1.5 Conservation laws: the equations of motion | p. 12 |
References | p. 18 |
Problems | p. 19 |
Part I Water in the atmosphere | |
2 Water aloft: fluid mechanics of the lower atmosphere | p. 23 |
2.1 Water vapor in air | p. 23 |
2.2 Hydrostatics and atmospheric stability | p. 28 |
2.3 Turbulent transport of water vapor | p. 34 |
2.4 The atmospheric boundary layer | p. 36 |
2.5 Turbulence similarity | p. 41 |
2.6 Surface boundary condition: the energy budget constraint | p. 55 |
References | p. 72 |
Problems | p. 76 |
3 Precipitation | p. 79 |
3.1 Formation of precipitation | p. 79 |
3.2 Major precipitation weather systems | p. 82 |
3.3 Precipitation distribution on the ground | p. 92 |
3.4 Interception | p. 100 |
3.5 Reliability of operational precipitation measurements | p. 106 |
References | p. 111 |
Problems | p. 116 |
4 Evaporation | p. 117 |
4.1 Evaporation mechanisms | p. 117 |
4.2 Mass transfer formulations | p. 118 |
4.3 Energy budget and related formulations | p. 123 |
4.4 Water budget methods | p. 142 |
4.5 Evaporation climatology | p. 148 |
References | p. 151 |
Problems | p. 156 |
Part II Water on the surface | |
5 Water on the land surface: fluid mechanics of free surface flow | p. 161 |
5.1 Free surface flow | p. 161 |
5.2 Hydraulic theory: shallow water equations | p. 163 |
5.3 Friction slope | p. 167 |
5.4 General considerations and some features of free surface flow | p. 174 |
References | p. 194 |
Problems | p. 196 |
6 Overland flow | p. 198 |
6.1 The standard formulation | p. 198 |
6.2 Kinematic wave approach | p. 201 |
6.3 Lumped kinematic approach | p. 210 |
References | p. 213 |
Problems | p. 213 |
7 Streamflow routing | p. 216 |
7.1 Two extreme cases of large flood wave propagation | p. 217 |
7.2 A lumped kinematic approach: the Muskingum method | p. 224 |
7.3 Estimation of the Muskingum parameters | p. 232 |
References | p. 241 |
Problems | p. 242 |
Part III Water below the surface | |
8 Water beneath the ground: fluid mechanics in porous materials | p. 249 |
8.1 Porous materials | p. 249 |
8.2 Hydrostatics of pore-filling water in the presence of air | p. 251 |
8.3 Water transport in a porous material | p. 268 |
8.4 Field equations of mass and momentum conservation | p. 287 |
References | p. 298 |
Problems | p. 303 |
9 Infiltration and related unsaturated flows | p. 307 |
9.1 General features of the infiltration phenomenon | p. 307 |
9.2 Infiltration in the absence of gravity: sorption | p. 310 |
9.3 Infiltration capacity | p. 326 |
9.4 Rain infiltration | p. 332 |
9.5 Catchment-scale infiltration and other "losses" | p. 343 |
9.6 Capillary rise and evaporation at the soil surface | p. 346 |
References | p. 357 |
Problems | p. 361 |
10 Groundwater outflow and base flow | p. 366 |
10.1 Flow in an unconfined riparian aquifer | p. 366 |
10.2 Free surface flow: a first approximation | p. 377 |
10.3 Hydraulic groundwater theory: a second approximation | p. 382 |
10.4 Linearized hydraulic groundwater theory: a third approximation | p. 398 |
10.5 Kinematic wave in sloping aquifers: a fourth approximation | p. 415 |
10.6 Catchment-scale base flow parameterizations | p. 416 |
References | p. 431 |
Problems | p. 433 |
Part IV Flows at the catchment scale in response to precipitation | |
11 Streamflow generation: mechanisms and parameterization | p. 441 |
11.1 Riparian areas and headwater basins | p. 441 |
11.2 Storm runoff mechanisms in riparian areas | p. 443 |
11.3 Summary of mechanisms and parameterization options | p. 457 |
References | p. 461 |
12 Streamflow response at the catchment scale | p. 465 |
12.1 Stationary linear response: the unit hydrograph | p. 465 |
12.2 Identification of linear response functions | p. 472 |
12.3 Stationary nonlinear lumped response | p. 493 |
12.4 Non-stationary linear response | p. 498 |
References | p. 501 |
Problems | p. 503 |
13 Elements of frequency analysis in hydrology | p. 509 |
13.1 Random variables and probability | p. 509 |
13.2 Summary descriptors of a probability distribution function | p. 511 |
13.3 Some probability distributions for discrete variables | p. 519 |
13.4 Some probability distributions for continuous variables | p. 523 |
13.5 Extension of available records | p. 543 |
References | p. 550 |
Problems | p. 553 |
14 Afterword - a short historical sketch of theories about the water circulation on Earth | p. 557 |
14.1 Earliest concepts: the atmospheric water cycle | p. 557 |
14.2 Greek antiquity | p. 559 |
14.3 The Latin era | p. 566 |
14.4 From philosophy to science by experimentation | p. 572 |
14.5 Closing comments | p. 585 |
References | p. 586 |
Appendix Some useful mathematical concepts | p. 590 |
A1 Differentiation of an integral | p. 590 |
A2 The general response of a linear stationary system | p. 590 |
A3 The general response of a nonlinear system | p. 597 |
References | p. 598 |