Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

An Exploration of the Impact of Parenting on the

Sleep Patterns of Children with ADHD
Tri Budi Santoso*
Department of Occupational Therapy, Surakarta Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health,
Indonesia

*Corresponding author: Tri Budi Santoso, Ph.D. OT, Senior Lecturer, and a Researcher,
The Department of Occupational Therapy, Surakarta Health Polytechnic (Campus II), Jl. Kapt.
Adisumarmo, Tohudan, Colomadu, Karanganyar, Surakarta Central Java, Indonesia 57173,

Abstract:- et al., 2005). Caregivers should be able to recognize the

Background: The type of parenting given to a child with conditions that cause sleep problems in children before
ADHD will affect the child's sleep patterns in their daily implementing parenting (Aafjes, 2021) because sleep
life. This study will explore the impact of parenting on the problems that are not addressed adequately by caregivers can
sleep patterns of children with ADHD. reduce sleep quality and quantity (Noble, 2012; Raphael-
Objective: This study aimed to explore the influence of Leff, 2018). According to Dorris et al. (2008) & Espie
parenting on the sleep patterns of ADHD children. (2002), the application of parenting, primarily before
Method: This study was conducted using a bedtime, was found to help reduce sleep problems.
phenomenology approach. Data were collected using
semi-structured interviews with eight participants of In a Study conducted by Sciberras (2017), bedtime
primary caregivers of children with ADHD. Qualitative habits, especially sleep hygiene, are related to the duration
methods were applied using in-depth interviews. and onset of sleep in the same direction as decreased daytime
Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis. sleepiness. At the same time, total care from caregivers is
Results: This study resulted in 3 themes based on linked to reduced sleep resistance (Sciberras, 2017). Warmth
parenting patterns that affect sleep patterns that have and consistency during caregiving can also be associated
been identified in this study, namely: Caregiver parenting, with decreased sleep anxiety and parasomnia (Sciberras,
type of parenting, and sleep pattern problems in ADHD 2017), which is related to a study done by Nobel (2012),
children. which focuses on aspects of parenting that affect the
Conclusion: Occupational therapists should pay attention development of sleep problems in children with ADHD.
to children's sleep patterns based on caregivers' Nobel (2012) also found that increased conflict between
parenting patterns to find the cause of sleep problems in caregivers and children before bedtime was found to increase
children with ADHD to improve children's sleep quality due to low sleep routines. Therefore, implementing habits
and general well-being. based on parenting can predict children's future sleep
problems (Allen et al., 2016; Combs-Orme et al., 2011).
Keywords:- Sleep Pattern; Parenting Style; Caregiver;
Children with ADHD Specifically, permissive parenting is associated with
prolonged sleep latency (Shetty, 2022; Tu, 2018).
I. INTRODUCTION Authoritarian parenting makes children uncomfortable
because caregivers do not facilitate distractions (Noble,
Parenting affects the development of sleep problems in 2012). The quality of sleep of children with authoritative
children with ADHD (Noble, 2012). The role of caregivers in parenting is not associated with anxiety (Cavallina, 2015;
the development of children's sleep ability can be seen in the Tyler, 2019). In contrast, authoritarian parenting was found
sleep problems experienced by children (Tikotzky, 2017). to cause pre-sleep anxiety and problems related to sleep
Because in ADHD children, problems in sleep quality come efficiency (King, 2016; Tyler, 2019). While internalizing and
from behavior, parenting style, bedtime routines and habits, externalizing behaviors are associated with the development
child-caregiver interactions, and the environment (Bathory, of sleep problems in neglectful parenting (McPhie et al.,
2017; Martin, 2019; Tikotzky, 2017). According to Wilson 2014; Turner et al., 2020). Neglectful parenting during sleep
(2013), sleep problems that arise due to parenting are sleep is uncomfortable and tends to wake up quickly (King et al.,
pattern problems caused by parental behaviors and nighttime 2016). In addition, King et al. (2016) also found that bad
activities. In the sleep environment, bedtime habits such as sleeping habits will continue to be repeated in permissive
limit-setting and co-sleeping can affect sleep hours and sleep parenting.
patterns (Bordeleau et al., 2012; Hale et al., 2018).
This study explores the experience of applying
Caregivers generally do not realize the impact of caregiver parenting to sleep patterns in ADHD children.
parenting on the development of their children's sleep Research related to parenting patterns that impact the sleep
problems (Bussing et al., 2003; Sung et al., 2008; Weckerly patterns of ADHD children has been carried out in many

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
previous studies. However, based on the literature review, no from Surakarta and lives with the child, (d) the caregiver is
research examines the impact of the four types of parenting willing to be a respondent.
simultaneously on sleep patterns. So there is a need for a
study that can compare the problems of children's sleep The research was conducted at Yayasan Pembinaan
patterns with ADHD based on the four types of parenting in Anak Cacat (YPAC) Surakarta. This study's initial data
Indonesia. collection stage was distributing invitations to potential
respondents. Invitations for research participants were sent to
II. METHOD primary caregivers through the YPAC Surakarta clinic. The
researcher informed the participants that participation was
 Participants voluntary. Researchers received informed consent from
The participants in this study totaled eight primary participants who were willing to become research
caregivers of children consisting of mothers, grandmothers, respondents. The following process was an initial screening
and aunts. All participants were primary caregivers with an of the general condition of the family and child before
intensity of 10-12 hours daily. Participants' occupations were collecting data on sleep patterns. Data was collected using
homemakers, office workers, and household assistants. the semi-structured interview research method 2-3 times. The
interview protocol conducted the Semi-structured interviews
Primary caregivers were recruited voluntarily using to maintain the accuracy of the data to be collected.
purposive sampling. Participants were selected based on the Researchers documented the results of the interview using a
following inclusion criteria: (a) the caregiver is the primary voice recorder. Research permission was obtained from the
caregiver who cares for ADHD children aged 5-12 years, (b) YPAC Foundation Surakarta Ethics Committee.
the caregiver can speak Indonesian, (c) the caregiver comes

Table 1. Caregiver Characteristics

Participants Gender Age, yr Caregiver Diagnosis Jobs Education
P1 Female 58 Aunt ADHD Homemaker High School
P2 Female 59 Aunt ADHD Office workers High School
P3 Female 40 Mother ADHD Homemaker Bachelor's Degree
P4 Female 32 Mother ADHD Homemaker associate degree
P5 Female 43 Mother ADHD Homemaker associate degree
P6 Female 39 Mother ADHD Homemaker associate degree
P7 Female 65 Grandma ADHD Homemaker High School
P8 Female 67 Grandma ADHD Homemaker High School

 Data Collection  Data Analysis

The data collection technique used in this research is in- The approach used is Thematic Analysis. Lochmiller
depth interviews so that participants' experiences can be told (2017), Braun (2013; 2019), & Liamputtong (2019) state that
naturally. Therefore, the researcher chose the semi-structured the sequence of steps to analyze qualitative data with
interview form. Semi-structured interviews were chosen thematic analysis is as follows: First round pass
because exploratory studies require themes to emerge freely (Familiarizing the Data); Entering codes in subcategories and
and naturally (Blandford, 2013; Roulston & Choi, 2018). categories or themes (Generating Initial codes, Searching for
Interviews were conducted once with a total duration of 40- Themes); Re-Examine Code; Review Themes and Define
60 minutes per participant. Five main questions related to the Themes; Transforming code categories into narrative text.
application of parenting described the type of caregiver's
parenting and the problems caused by the caregiver's The credibility and objectivity tests are two types of
parenting. data analysis used in this research. Researchers conducted
triangulation and member checking in the credibility test and
To increase data saturation, researchers conducted used audit trail and reflexivity in the objectivity test. Source
additional interviews related to parenting patterns applied by triangulation is comparing and cross-checking the degree of
caregivers. To test the credibility of the interview data, the data confidence through different times and tools (Speziale,
researcher conducted triangulation. The triangulation used in 2011; Tabatabaee, 2013). Theoretical triangulation tests data
this study is theoretical triangulation and source credibility by comparing the data obtained with previous
triangulation. The theoretical triangulation is done to double- theories (Tabatabaee, 2013). The participants' interviews
check the data obtained and compare it with several theories were recorded using a voice recorder to maintain the
(Tabatabaee, 2013), While source triangulation is done by accuracy of the data. After all themes and sub-themes were
checking the code and reconfirming the data on the sample at confirmed through member checking and reflexivity on each
different times (Tabatabaee, 2013). participant. Based on the study's results, the most changed
sleep patterns were found in authoritarian parenting. The data
is then matched with the theory that has been found
previously.

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. RESULT the child's situation and environment also changed. As one
participant (R4) stated as follows: "...depends on the child
This research resulted in 3 themes and eight sub- again. If the sleeping time is right, the child is not too
themes. The first theme is Caregiver Parenting with sub- fussy..." (R4)
themes of the Application of Caregiver Parenting and the
Application of Sleep Pattern Based on Parenting. The second  Implementation of Sleep Patterns Based on Parenting
theme is Types of Parenting with sub-themes of Implementing a fixed sleeping pattern is generally
Authoritarian Parenting, authoritative Parenting, Permissive already present in children with authoritative parenting.
Parenting, and Neglectful Parenting. The third theme is Sleep Consistent sleep habituation in children is accompanied by
Pattern Problems in ADHD Children with sub-themes Sleep negotiation skills in children's sleep patterns. Meanwhile, the
Pattern Problems and Causes of Sleep Pattern Problems. application of sleeping patterns that are still changing is
related to the child's condition and family conditions.
Table 2: Themes and Subthemes Caregivers recognize the need of children who cannot
NO THEME SUBTEMA understand the sleep patterns applied to be the main obstacle.
1 Caregivers' Implementation of Caregivers'
Parenting Parenting  Type of Parenting
Implementation of Sleep Patterns The grouping of parenting types is based on Baumrind's
Based on Parenting parenting pattern (Baumrind, 1991; 1997; 2013; 2019) and
2 Type of Parenting Authoritarian Parenting supporting parenting theories. The results of the interviews
Authoritative Parenting were deduced using the reflexivity method so that they could
Permissive Parenting emerge themes freely but still follow the guidelines for the
Neglectful Parenting aspects of parenting that have been determined.
3 Sleep Pattern Sleep Pattern Problems
Problems in Causes of Sleep Pattern Problems  Authoritarian Parenting
ADHD Children Based on the interview results, by looking at aspects of
parenting, the level of responsiveness of authoritarian
 Caregivers' Parenting parenting is low. The caregiver's ability to validate emotions
in children is low, and behavior is more suppressed by strict
 Implementation of Caregivers' Parenting and firm upbringing. A challenging and healthy attitude is
Based on this study, caregiver parenting is seen manifested in behavioral control of children's rules and
qualitatively by looking at the fulfilled aspects. In general, conduct. Children are expected to obey the rules and orders
parenting provided directly has different ways of application of the caregiver. This also leads to the imposition of
depending on the caregiver's character, the provision of rules, punishment on children's behavior that is considered deviant.
and the consistency of the parenting application. The diverse Discipline can be verbal and physical. As stated by one
caregiver characters recognized by caregivers can lead to participant (R4) as follows:
various parenting outcomes. For example, harsh feelings can
reduce oppositional behavior in children. Meanwhile, "...Yes, not often; for example, if you cry and do
caregivers must have a solid character to control behavior not stay quiet, you have also been yelled at..." (R4)
psychologically but still follow the child. Finally, gentle and
heartless caregiver characters are recognized to make Punishment can create a minimal and tenuous
children's behavior change. relationship and make children reluctant to the caregiver.
Caregivers recognize that parenting aims to make children
The provision of rules is generally related to the better individuals, so they do not prioritize emotional
disciplinary and control aspects of parenting. The ability to closeness. Another aspect that can reduce closeness is
be consistent and disciplined with regulations is related to communication. Communication is one-way and aims to
authoritative and authoritarian parenting, but negotiation is provide direction.
more prevalent in authoritative parenting. On the other hand,
low consistency in rules is related to permissive parenting.  Authoritative Parenting
Caregivers with permissive parenting slowly tried to be Responsiveness in this parenting pattern is good
consistent with the regulations compared to caregivers with because it prioritizes parenting with inductive methods.
neglectful parenting. Caregivers explain more limits openly with reasons that are
acceptable to the child. The inductive approach pays attention
Two types of outcomes of the influence of caregiving to the child's opinion by negotiating freely. However, there
on sleep patterns were found. First, caregivers with consistent are still limits so that the application of rules is more flexible
implementation recognized the impact of implementing but still according to the purpose of parenting. As one
routines on sleep patterns. Although some caregivers admit participant (R3) stated as follows:
they have not seen direct results, there is still hope from the
habituation of sleep patterns. Meanwhile, caregivers who still "...If it makes sense, he will not ask until he cries
doubt the influence of parenting on sleep patterns recognize out loud..." (R3)
the obstacles in the child's condition. Participants recognized
the possibility that the impact of parenting could be seen if

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Volume 8, Issue 5, May – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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The goal of behavior formation is controlled by verbal latency. Sleep efficiency problems are related to the child's
and psychological control. Caregivers admit that children are ability to wake up during sleep. Caregivers admit that
more comfortable when verbal control also pays attention to children often wake up at night, especially children with high
the child's willingness and ability to digest rules in behavior hyperactivity. Children quickly wake up during the day in a
formation. Children have self-control but remain within noisy or crowded environment. The problem of sleep
reasonable limits by the caregiver's parenting goals. duration is related to the child's changing sleeping hours and
Directions are given relatively to all family members so that the child's uncertain sleeping hours. Children's sleeping hours
an expected opinion results in comfort and closeness between change due to drowsiness and the caregiver's ability to
family members. prepare children's sleep time. The caregiver's ability to
prepare for the environment also affects sleep onset.
 Permissive Parenting Children's uncertain sleeping hours are also influenced by
The responsiveness of this parenting pattern is the activities and opportunities to sleep outside the usual sleep
highest of other parenting patterns because caregivers schedule. The problem of latency is related to the difficulty
prioritize a sense of comfort in parenting. This is realized by of drowsiness in children for no apparent reason. Caregivers
applying rules that follow the child's condition. The child's admit that children still have difficulty falling asleep when
condition is an excuse for caregivers not to be strict during the routine and sleeping environment have been adopted.
parenthood. As stated by one participant (R5) as follows: Caregivers also recognize that children do not get sleepy
"...I did not push him because he is so easily quickly when they do not feel tired. As one participant (R7)
angered his emotions are not stable..." (R5) stated as follows:

Limits on rules are recognized as low so that the "...If I am not tired, I do not sleep..." (R7)
caregiver monitors rather than controls the child. The purpose
of monitoring is to keep the child within safe boundaries, but Sleep quantity problems consist of sleep onset
the child still feels comfortable. Caregivers mostly insomnia, actual sleep problems, and sleep deprivation.
understand the child's situation through emotional validation. Children with sleep-onset insomnia will sleep faster with the
Emotional validation is recognized by caregivers to be given application of routines. Meanwhile, children who do not have
with the direction of communication that adjusts the child's a pattern will experience limit-setting insomnia. Caregivers
condition. For example, the child will be invited to discuss with children who experience actual sleeping problems admit
when the child's emotions are stable, while the child will be that children will wake up quickly and tend to be sensitive to
calmed more when emotions are unstable. This unwittingly the surrounding environment during sleep. Co-sleeping is
causes children to feel uncomfortable with strangers and recognized to help children be calmer and not promptly wake
more likely to choose to socialize. As a result, the child is up during sleep. Children with sleep deprivation have various
only close to the caregiver. problems, such as feet that cannot stay still and delayed
bedtime due to high hyperactivity.
 Neglectful Parenting
Responsiveness in this parenting pattern was the lowest In particular, caregivers with authoritarian parenting
compared to other parenting patterns. This is reflected in the recognized sleep problems, especially problems with sleep
caregiver not paying attention to the child's needs and desires efficiency and latency. The child had difficulty falling asleep
during care. Late developmental abilities are also not for no apparent reason. Although a sleep schedule had been
recognized by the caregiver. Caregivers are not fully set, sleepiness came at different times and sometimes outside
involved in parenting, so they tend to apply rules in an the plan. Meanwhile, caregivers with permissive parenting
inconsistent manner and do not have clear boundaries. follow the child's sleepiness. As a result, the schedule
Support is only provided instrumentally because the changes according to the child's condition. In neglectful
caregiver focuses only on the child's growth. Caregivers need parenting, the sleep schedule will improve when the
parenting assistance to help children's development and caregiver provides care. The child sleeps faster when the
growth. As stated by one participant (R2) as follows: caregiver accompanies the child to sleep. However, the
"...the mother is like that, sis. If she has a helper caregiver will allow the child to stay awake at night due to
or a babysitter, I do not hand it over..." (R2) fatigue after work.

Another thing that can reflect neglectful parenting is  Causes of Sleep Pattern Problems
communication skills. One-way communication causes The first cause of sleep problems in ADHD children is
children's emotions not to be validated and creates an high hyperactivity. High hyperactivity at night causes
attention-seeking attitude in children. children to experience delayed sleep. While hyperactivity
during the day and night makes children lack nap time. The
 Sleep Pattern Problems in ADHD Children second cause of sleep problems in ADHD children is
changing schedules and activities. The plan will temporarily
 Sleep Pattern Problems change when the child is in an unusual situation, such as a
Children's sleep pattern problems based on the type of family event or recitation. In addition, the schedule
problem can be divided into sleep quality problems and sleep temporarily varies according to the child's drowsiness caused
quantity problems. Sleep quality problems consist of by fatigue, body condition after bathing, and satiety. Whereas
problems with sleep efficiency, sleep duration, and sleep

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permanently, sleep schedules can change due to school  Type of Parenting
schedules. As one participant (R1) stated as follows:
"...If there is a family event, he never takes a nap. So  Authoritarian Parenting
many families come..." (R1) Authoritarian parenting is defined as parents exhibiting
high demands and low responsiveness levels (Baumrind,
The third cause of sleep problems in ADHD children is 1971; Steinberg, 2001). The lack of closeness and warmth
unknown to the caregiver. Caregivers unaware of the cause during parenting manifests in the caregiver's strict and harsh
of sleep problems will continue to try to implement a sleep character (Alloy et al., 2006; van Voorhees et al., 2008).
routine so that the child falls asleep quickly. Hard and firm attitudes are manifested in behavioral control
over children's rules and behavior (Kuppens & Ceulemans,
IV. DISCUSSION 2019). Children are expected to obey the rules and orders of
the caregiver (Trifan et al., 2014; Kuppens & Ceulemans,
 Caregivers' Parenting 2019). This has also led to punishing children's behavior that
is considered oppositional (Durrant et al., 2003; Trifan et al.,
 Implementation of Caregivers' Parenting 2014; Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019). Punishment can be
Parenting is applied based on behavior, habits, and verbal and physical (Eamon, 2001; Durrant et al., 2003;
beliefs (Shahsavari et al., 2012). Caregiver character is also Trifan et al., 2014; Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019).
one-factor influencing parenting style (Sarwar, 2016). Harsh Punishment can reduce the closeness between children and
parenting characteristics have particular purposes, especially caregivers (Eamon, 2001; Sartaj & Aslam, 2010). Closeness
for children with disabilities (Cherry, 2015). Firm boundaries is the least perceived aspect of this care (Meteyer & Perry-
can suppress deviant behavior in children (Sarwar, 2016). Jenkins, 2009; Sartaj & Aslam, 2010). The low closeness
Conversely, common limitations are associated with rule- aspect results from low emotional reward during caregiving
deviant behavior in children (Mensah & Kuranchie, 2013). (Chaudhuri et al., 2009).

Rule-giving is generally associated with positive Caregivers do not allow children to understand the
disciplining and control aspects of parenting (Durrant, 2016). purpose of care through communication (Sanavi et al., 2013).
The ability of caregivers to be consistent and disciplined with So children's behavior that does not meet the parenting goals
rules is related to authoritative and authoritarian parenting will be harshly suppressed (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019).
(Mensah & Kuranchie, 2013). However, negotiation is more Harsh parenting can lead to oppositional behavior as an adult
prevalent in authoritative parenting (Larzelere et al., 2017; (Eamon, 2001; Sartaj & Aslam, 2010). According to King
Piko & Balázs, 2012). On the other hand, low consistency in (2016), parenting stress during parenting was high in this
rules is associated with permissive parenting (Jinnah & parenting pattern. Parenting stress can also increase insomnia
Stoneman, 2016). Caregivers with permissive parenting are and sleep problems in children and caregivers (Clarke &
more consistent than neglectful (Dwairy, 2008). Consistency Harvey, 2012).
in routines is essential because it is associated with sleep
disorders (Wilson, 2013).  Authoritative Parenting
Responsiveness in this parenting pattern is good
Previous research found that implementing limits and because it prioritizes parenting with inductive methods
routines such as parental limit-setting helped reduce sleep (Baumrind, 1971; Steinberg, 2001). Control is tight but
problems (Dorris, 2008). Sleep in children can be improved makes the child emotionally comfortable (Simons & Conger,
by consistent bedtime routines and behaviors (Wilson, 2013). 2007; Barber & Xia, 2013). This inductive approach provides
Parental behaviors such as bedtime calming behaviors space for children to negotiate with caregivers freely.
contributed more to developing sleep problems (Ball, 2003; However, there are still limits (Kuppens & Ceulemans,
Hayes, Roberts & Stowe, 1996; Taylor, Donovan & Leavitt, 2019), so the application of rules is more flexible but still to
2008). Thus, children's waking and sleeping behaviors the goals of parenting (Barber & Xia, 2013; Sanavi et al.,
depend on the calming patterns of each caregiver (Scott, 2013).
2013; Wilson, 2013).
Psychological control, such as control of thoughts and
 Implementation of Sleep Patterns Based on Parenting feelings, is carried out through communication (Kuppens &
Implementing fixed sleep patterns is generally already Ceulemans, 2019; Sanavi et al., 2013). This parenting
present in children with authoritative parenting (Kitsaras et pattern's high level of responsiveness prioritizes children's
al., 2018; Smith et al., 2014). This is because consistent understanding (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019; Sanavi et al.,
habituation in children is accompanied by negotiation skills 2013). As a result, children have self-control but remain
in children's sleep patterns (Smith et al., 2014). Meanwhile, within reasonable limits by the caregiver's parenting goals
the application of sleep patterns that are still changing is (Dorris et al., 2008). Rules are also given equally to all
related to the child's condition and family conditions (Smith family members so that an expected opinion results in the
et al., 2014). Caregivers recognize the need of children who sense of comfort and closeness between family members
cannot understand the sleep patterns that are applied to be the (Billows et al., 2009; Sanavi et al., 2013).
main obstacle (Dougherty et al., 2013; Gregory & O'Connor,
2002; Willoughby et al., 2008).

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 Permissive Parenting and sleep quality. Sleep problems can be influenced by
The responsiveness of this parenting pattern is the quality and quantity problems (Kohyama, 2021). Children
highest of other parenting patterns because the caregiver experience sleepiness-related latency problems, such as sleep
prioritizes comfort in care (Kimble, 2014). Caregivers with onset and hyperactivity problems (Konofal et al., 2010).
permissive parenting will have low restrictions, pressure on ADHD children often have Sleep Onset Latency (SOL)
routines, supervision, and encouragement of rules (Kimble, related to low sleep latency and duration (Stein et al., 2012).
2014; Shetty et al., 2022). The child's condition is used as a Sleep duration in ADHD children is shorter than in other
reason for caregivers not to be assertive during caregiving children (Gau, 2009). Sleep duration can also change due to
(Estlein, 2016; Kimble, 2014). activity and environmental conditions (España, 2011). The
lowest sleep duration was found in authoritative parenting
Caregivers monitor rather than control children during (Schatz et al., 2015). The efficiency issue is related to the
care (Baumrind & Thompson, 2019; Kuppens & Ceulemans. intensity of waking children during sleep because it is related
2019). Low control is a form of sin avoidance in children to their ability to sleep (Baglioni et al., 2010; Soehneret al.,
(Javadnoori et al., 2015; Kuppens & Ceulemans. 2019). A 2012). In ADHD children, efficiency can be impaired due to
sense of comfort is primarily developed in this parenting the environment and medication (Scarpelli, 2019). As a
pattern (Couelle, 2014). A sense of comfort is generated by result, children will wake up quickly during sleep and find it
providing emotional validation to children. Emotional difficult to fall back asleep (Schatz et al., 2015).
validation can be in the form of affection and suppression of
negative emotions in children (Kimble, 2014). The direction Sleep-onset insomnia is when children have difficulty
of communication usually adjusts the purpose of suppressing sleeping because they are accustomed to certain habits; for
emotions (Estlein, 2021; Kimble, 2014). example, children are usually immediately calmed when
crying (Chung, 2015). Practices will help speed up children's
Children with permissive caregivers often have sleep, so children will have difficulty sleeping if habits are
difficulty regulating their behavior and emotions because the not applied (Thorpy, 2012). Limit-setting insomnia is when
caregiver does not limit the child's actions (Kawabata et al., the caregiver does not support the sleep routine (Owens &
2011). As a result, children are less able to adjust to other Mindell, 2011; Owens & Moore, 2017). As a result, the sleep
people, making it difficult to feel close to new people (Barber schedule is delayed and later than it should be (Owens &
& Harmon, 2002; Barber et al., 2005; Kuppens et al., 2013). Mindell, 2011; Owens & Moore, 2017). Sleep duration
randomly decreases and increases depending on the sleep
 Neglectful Parenting continuity of the child with limit-setting insomnia (Owens &
Caregivers do not set clear boundaries and rules Mindell, 2011; Owens & Moore, 2017). Children with low
(Williams et al., 2009). This is due to low responsiveness in routine settings will resist sleeping and sleep onset delay,
this parenting pattern (Kimble, 2014). Low responsiveness affecting sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and parasomnias
reflects a denial of the child's condition (Seipp & Johnston, (Mick et al., 2000).
2005; Podolski, 2001). Caregivers also do not recognize late
developmental abilities (Garcia & Gracia, 2009; Kimble, A proper sleep problem is a sleep disorder where
2014). Support is only provided materially due to low children do not sleep appropriately (Ueda et al., 2020). As a
emotional understanding in children (Estlein, 2016; Kuppens result, children often wake up during sleep related to the deep
& Ceulemans. 2019; Sarwar, 2016). The developmental NREM sleep phase and sleep latency (Ueda et al., 2020).
ability of children in this parenting pattern is the slowest Proper sleep is also associated with children who sleep in a
among children with other parenting patterns (Baumrind, moving place or a different room than usual (Owens, 2005).
1991; Lamborn et al., 1991; Mandara & Murray, 2002; Sleep deprivation makes children experience a lack of
Shucksmith et al., 1995; Steinberg et al., 1994) quantity and quality of sleep because they do not have
enough time to sleep, for example, due to Restless Legs
Caregivers need assistance to help children’s Syndrome (RLS), Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep
development and growth (Modesto-Lowe, 2008). Aid is (PLMS), or the effects of drugs and unsupportive
needed because the caregiver cannot fully care for the child environments (Morash-Conway et al., 2017; Srifuengfung et
(Modesto-Lowe, 2008). After all, aspects of parenting such al., 2020; DelRosso et al., 2021). Parenting is associated with
as communication and closeness in this parenting pattern are sleep problems (Mehta, 2019). Responsive parenting can help
low (Estlein, 2016; Mahaptra & Batul, 2016). conditions that disrupt children's sleep with calming efforts
Communication in this parenting pattern is one-way and (Mindell & Williamson, 2018).
indirect (Estlein, 2016). So children tend to grow into
individuals with internalization and externalization problems  Causes of Sleep Pattern Problems
(Dougherty et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2009; Wolfradt et Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) and sleep-onset insomnia
al., 2003). can be caused by psychiatric comorbidities or pre-sleep
environment (Ramtekkar, 2015). High hyperactivity can be
 Sleep Pattern Problems in ADHD Children the main reason children cannot settle down even at bedtime
(Smith et al., 2014; Meltzer & Mindell, 2007). High
 Sleep Pattern Problems hyperactivity at night causes children to experience delayed
According to Meltzer (2010), adequate sleep in children bedtime (Smith et al., 2014). Sleep duration is also affected
is essential for growth and development, family well-being, by children's hyperactivity (Krystal, 2008; Espana, 2011).

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In addition to hyperactivity, circadian rhythms also [2]. Allen, S. L., Howlett, M. D., Coulombe, J. A., &
affect ADHD children's sleep problems (Bathory, 2017). Corkum, P. V. (2016). ABCs of SLEEPING: A review
Children with a fixed schedule will more easily adjust to of the evidence behind pediatric sleep practice
bedtime (Stein et al., 2012). Conversely, children with recommendations. Sleep medicine reviews, 29, 1-14.
irregular sleep schedules will experience problems with sleep [3]. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Smith, J. M., Gibb, B.
onset (Shetty et al., 2022; Staples et al., 2015). Changeable E., & Neeren, A. M. (2006). Role of parenting and
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External and internal factors influence ADHD children's and patterns, and sleep hygiene in infants, toddlers, and
sleep ability. One of the external factors is parenting related preschool-age children. Current problems in pediatric
to habits and sleep patterns. At the same time, sleep patterns and adolescent health care, 47(2), 29–42.
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