Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1881

The Awareness and Control Measures for

Hypertension among the Elderly Population in a
South-South Community, Nigeria
1* 2
BROTOBOR, Deliverance BROTOBOR, Onoriode
1 2
AKPOKONA, Obukowho Philomena Department of Surgery,
1
Department of Nursing Science, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State
Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State

3 4
EDEAWE, Isaac Osahogie ISABU, Augustina Chikaodili
3 4
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Community Health Nursing,
Ambrose Alli University, Edo State Niger Delta University. Bayelsa State
5
OKOJIE, I.O. Agatha
5
Department of Nursing Science,
Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Edo State

Correspondence Author:- 1*BROTOBOR, Deliverance

Abstract:- High blood pressure also known as body tissue and organ (Gupta, et al., 2024). It affects one-
hypertension is the second global risk factor for disease. third of adult worldwide (Menti et al., 2024). The people
The study assessed the awareness and control measures with hypertension have seemed to double since the past 3
of hypertension among elderly individuals in a South- decades. Age is an independent risk factor for hypertension
South Community, Nigeria. The study surveyed 92 and its prevalence among older adults is significantly higher
elderly individuals using a descriptive design, using a than younger adults (Ramakrishnan et al., 2019; Alhazmi et
self-structured questionnaire, and analyzing data using al., 2023). In the year 2019, hypertension prevalence among
SPSS version 24. Findings established 60.13± 0.45 as the older adults aged 60 years and above in India was 63%.
mean age of the respondents; 49(53.3%) were females (Farron et al., 2020). Close to half of this hypertensive
and 29(31.5%) were business executives. 85(92.4%) of (42.6%) were not detected and the detection rates were
participants know that hypertension is an increase in poorer in rural areas (Boro & Banerjee, 2022).
one’s blood pressure. 60(65.2%) of participants know
that regular checking of blood pressure is a preventive A recent study reported that 40% of adults aged 45
strategy against hypertension. 80(87%) of participants years and older were suffering from hypertension, 60% were
understand that adherence to hypertensive drugs as aware of their hypertensive status, 73% of those who were
prescribed by the doctor is one of the ways to control aware were taking treatment, and only 10.4% achieved
blood pressure. 66(71.7%) of the participants agree that adequate control of hypertension (Bhatia, 2021).The
taking food low in salt can help to control blood prevalence of HBP globally, is very high. Lower than half of
pressure. 69 (75%) of participants agree that the the adults all over the world (42%) with hypertension have
availability of time to go for regular blood pressure been detected and treated (WHO, 2021). This implies that
check-ups is very important. This study concluded that the number of undiagnosed and untreated HBP is high and
there is a high level of awareness of hypertension and a varies among regions of the world. Though, there is
cause for concern, as majority of the participants has improved treatment for hypertension, the diagnosis and
inadequate practice of control measures of hypertension. treatment is still challenging (Citoni et al., 2022). According
to Lawal and Kantaris (2024), hypertension is the most
Keywords:- Awareness, Control, Elderly, Hypertension, cardiovascular disease and it ranges between 38.1 % to 50%
Measures. of the total population (Akinlua et al., 2018; Odili et al.,
2020). More so, Kadiri et al. (2020) reported that the
I. INTRODUCTION prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria is projected to
increase from 20.8 million in 2021 to 39.1 million by 2030.
Hypertension is non-communicable, but of a global This is significant as the blood pressure could be associated
health concern and it referred to as “Silent killer”. The increase burden of cardiovascular disease and death (Lawal
symptoms may not be observed until body organs such as & Kantaris, 2024; Ogungbe et al., 2024). Hence, improving
kidney might have been damaged, due to the thickening of hypertension awareness and control is a healthcare priority
the arterial wall which may reduce the blood supply to the (He et al., 2024).

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1881

In some places, awareness and control of hypertension pressure pose a great threat to the health of the elderly
could be low, while treatment may be high. This is (Adeloye, et al. 2021). Little is known about the current
confirmed by Lawal and Kantaris (2024) in their scoping state of the awareness and control measures of the elderly
review in the awareness, control and treatment of population of the south-south community in Nigeria. To
hypertension in Nigeria. They found low rate of awareness address this gap in knowledge, this study aimed to examine
on hypertension, but had a high treatment rate. They the awareness and control measures for hypertension among
attributed their findings to the fact that the higher prevalence the elderly population of a South-South Community,
of the hypertensive cases were not treatment-related but due Nigeria.
to lack of awareness and control. However, a study done in
the Philippines revealed that 69.1% older Filipinos had II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
hypertension, with 61.6% aware of their hypertension, but,
51.5% were untreated (Abalos et al., 2024). Nonetheless, This study employed a cross-sectional survey to assess
recorded high awareness of hypertension (Blair et al., 2024; the awareness and control measured for hypertension by
Chang et al., 2024; Sahatqiji et al., 2024), although, a elderly population. The setting of this study is Eku
significant gap was discovered in the level of awareness of community in Delta State, Nigeria. After ethical approval
the disease condition and effective control measures to was granted by the Health Ethics and Research Committee
manage the condition (Camara et al., 2024; Vera-Ponce, et (RBC/FBMC/DELSU/23/291), 92 participants were
al., 2024) recruited for the study using simple random sampling
technique. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Validity
The increasing prevalence of hypertension and other of the instrument was done using face and content validity.
non-communicable diseases could be related to the current To assess for reliability, test-retest was done with
lifestyle changes, occupation, family history and Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.927. The questionnaire had
environmental factors (Brotobor et al., 2029). Jareebi (2024) three sections: Section A: Contained 4 items on socio-
opined that hypertension has a stronger association and demographic data of respondents, Section B: Contained 8
causal link with five particular behaviors which are; tobacco items on the level of awareness of hypertension, Section C:
use, excessive use of alcohol, physical inactivity, unhealthy Contained 5 items on control of blood pressure. The data
diet (high salt intake and insufficient fruit and vegetable obtained were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social
consumption) and obesity which are the consequences of Science (SPSS) version 24. Findings were presented using
urbanization in developing countries. Thus, increasing a frequency distribution tables, and percentages
burden (Egwin et al., 2024). Nigeria is a low socioeconomic
country. High incidence, low awareness and management of  Main Outcome Measures
hypertension could significantly affect the country as Knowledge of hypertension as defined as a blood
majority of the areas are occupied by underserved pressure reading of 140/90 mmHg and above reading. Those
populations. There has been an increasing incidence of taking prescribed antihypertensive drug, not smoking, not
hypertension and its complications which has resulted into drinking of alcohol and observe adequate rest from stressful
significant morbidity and mortality. It is important to know events are seen, aware of their hypertension was seen to
the elderly level of awareness of hypertension and its control have good control measure for hypertension.
measures, because the unawareness and uncontrolled blood

III. RESULTS

Table 1. Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents

Variables Frequency (n=92) Percentage (%) Mean
Age of participants(years)
55-59 21 22.8 Mean Age
60-64 52 56.5 60.13± 0.45
65 and above 19 20.7
TOTAL 92 100
Marital status
Single 3 3.3
Married 85 92.4
Widower 3 3.3
Widow 1 1.1
TOTAL 92 100
Gender
Male 43 46.7
Female 49 53.3
TOTAL 92 100
Occupation
Civil servant 22 23.9

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1881

House wife 2 2.2

Retired 8 8.7
Unemployed 8 8.7
Self –employed 9 9.8
Farmer 9 9.8
Business executive 29 31.5
Trader 5 5.4
TOTAL 92 100
(Source: Field survey, 2023)

Table 2 Awareness and Control Measures for Hypertension n=92

S/N ITEMS Yes (%) No (%)
1 Hypertension is an increase in one’s blood pressure 85 (92.4) 7 (7.6)
2 Regular checking of blood pressure is a preventive strategy against hypertension. 60 (65.2) 32 (34.8)
3 Adherence to hypertensive drugs as prescribed by the doctor is one of the way to 80 (87) 12 (13)
control blood pressure
4 Cessation of smoking will help reduce blood pressure and some heart problems. 57 (62) 35 (38)
5 Reduced alcohol intake will help to control blood pressure 62 (67.4) 30 (32.6)
6 Taking food low in salt can help to control blood pressure 66 (71.7) 27 (29.3)
7 Regular exercise is important to health and will help control blood pressure 62 (67.4) 30 (32.6)
8 Reduction of stressful activities e.g. over work, or family problem can help to lower 77 (83.7) 15 (16.3)
blood pressure
(Source: Field Survey, 2023)

Table 2 above showed that 7(7.6%) of the participants some heart problems. It also revealed that 62(67.4%) of
do not understand that hypertension is an increase in one’s participants agree that reduced alcohol intake will help to
blood pressure while 85(92.4%) of participants know that control blood pressure and 30 (32.6%) of participants do not
hypertension is an increase in one’s blood pressure. Thus, agree that reduced alcohol intake will help to control blood
60(65.2%) of respondent know that regular checking of pressure. The table also showed that 66(71.7%) of the
blood pressure is a preventive strategy against hypertension participants agree that taking food low in salt can help to
as against 32 (34.8%) of participants that do not know that control blood pressure, while 27(29.3%) do not agree that
regular checking of blood pressure is a preventive strategy taking food low in salt can help to control blood pressure.
against hypertension.
Furthermore, 62(67.4%) of participants are of the
Also from table 2, 80(87%) of participants understand opinion that regular exercise is important to health and will
that adherence to hypertensive drugs as prescribed by the help control blood pressure, while 30(32.6%) of participants
doctor is one of the way to control blood pressure, while do not have the opinion that regular exercise is important to
12(13%) are not aware that adherence to hypertensive drugs health and will help control blood pressure. Also, 77(83.7%)
as prescribed by the doctor is one of the way to control of participants agreed that reduction of stressful activities
blood pressure. Among the respondents, 57(62%) agree that such as over work, or family problem can help to lower
cessation of smoking will help reduce blood pressure and blood pressure as against 15(16.3%) of participants who do
some heart problems, while 35(38%) do not agree that not agree that reduction of stressful activities such as over
cessation of smoking will help reduce blood pressure and work, or family problem can help to lower blood pressure.

Table 3 Participants Practice of Control Measures of Hypertension n=92

S/N ITEMS ALWAYS SOMETIMES RARELY NEVER
(%) (%) (%) (%)
1 How often do you go for regular 25 (27.2) 23 (25.0) 27 (29.3) 17 (18.5)
checking of blood pressure
2 Do you usually take drugs prescribed by 16 (17.4) 8 (8.7) 7 (7.6) 61 (66.3)
a doctor to lower your blood pressure
3 Do you smoke 1 (1.1) 3 (3.3) 1 (1.1) 87 (94.6)
4 Do you take alcohol 16 (17.4) 13 (14.1) 8 (8.7) 55 (59.8)
5 How often do you usually rest 50 (54.3) 24 (26.1) 14 (15.20 4 (4.3)

From Table 3, it was observed that the 66.3% of the alcohol, 31.5% either took alcohol always or sometimes.
participants had never taken drugs prescribed by the doctor But, a little above average reported to practice rest as a
for blood pressure control. Though, 94.6% reported to have means to control hypertension.
never smoked and 59.8% revealed never to have taken

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL1881

IV. DISCUSSION medication, those engaged in healthy lifestyle and took their
prescribed medications had lower mean blood pressure than
In recent times, improved strategies have been those on medication only.
developed in healthcare to reduce the prevalence of
hypertension, but in practice, is level of awareness in This study also revealed that majority 87% of
alignment with control measures for hypertension? participants understand that adherence to hypertensive drugs
Hypertension could be said to have potential risk factor for as prescribed by the doctor is one of the way to control
cardiovascular diseases, thus, awareness and preventive blood pressure, however, 66.3% reported to have never
practices are necessary to mitigate the effect of hypertension taken anti-hypertensive drugs prescribed for blood pressure
(Bayaraa et al., 2023; Sakboonyarat et al., 2023). This study control. There seem to be a gap in the level of awareness of
was done to assess the awareness and control measures for antihypertensive drugs for blood pressure control and
hypertension control. In this study, the mean age of practice of taking antihypertensive drugs for blood pressure
participants was 60.13± 0.45. On awareness of hypertension, control. This is consistent with Yang et al. (2023) who
the findings in this study revealed that majority of the reported disparities in the prevalence, awareness and control
participants (92.4%) were aware that hypertension is a blood of hypertension. Hypertension is often unnoticed and
pressure of 140mmHg and above. Furthermore, results undiagnosed because it is usually asymptomatic, despite the
showed that 65.2% of participants know that regular high burden of hypertension, most affected persons are not
checking of blood pressure is a preventive strategy against aware of its presence. It is therefore important that nurses
hypertension, though, 34.8% of participants that do not carry out appropriate and adequate health education on high
know that regular checking of blood pressure is a preventive blood pressure and emphasize the need for regular checking
strategy against hypertension. This was in contrast with of blood pressure, adherence to prescribed medication and
previous a study by Zhang et al. (2023), found low lifestyle modifications associated with control of blood
awareness and control of hypertension, while Sakboonyarat pressure in order to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate
et al. (2023) discovered that their participants low awareness due to high blood pressure.
level but related it to behavioral factors such as smoking,
alcohol consumption and sedentary lifestyle. V. CONCLUSION

The study also revealed in table 2 that 67.4% of The study examined awareness of hypertension and its
participants agree that reduced alcohol intake will help to control measures among the elderly population in south-
control blood pressure. This is in line with the study by south Nigeria. The study concluded that there is no
Maniyara et al. (2023) on the prevalence, awareness, significant relationship between awareness of hypertension
treatment, control and correlates of prevalence and control and control measures of blood pressure among elderly
of hypertension among older adults in Kerala where results people in Eku community. Sequel to the findings of this
showed that hypertension prevalence was 72.3% (95% CI = study, the researcher concluded that the awareness of
67.1–77.2), 68.2% (CI = 61.8–74.2) were aware. Inadequate hypertension among the participants in the study was high
physical activity [(adjusted odds ratio (AOR)] = 2.34; CI = and a cause for concern, as majority of the participants have
1.19–4.59) and current alcohol use (AOR = 2.28; CI = 1.06– inadequate practice of control measures of hypertension.
4.91). The study was in contrast with a study carried out by
Cisse et al. (2021) aimed at reporting the prevalence of the  Conflict of Interest: None.
awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among the  Funding: No external funding was received.
adult population in Burkina Faso which showed that the  Acknowledgement: Not applicable
prevalence of awareness was 17.5% (95% CI: 14.4%–
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