Preferred Label

Alternate Label

Synonym Context

Preferred Label Source

Alternate Label Source

all purpose flour

“Flour,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flour. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

the nutlike kernel of the fruit of either of two trees, Prunus dulcis (sweet almond) or P. dulcis amara (bitter almond), which grow in warm temperate regions

Dictionary.com, “almond.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/almond. [Accessed Oct. 20, 2018]

almond biscotti

Allrecipes.com, “Chef John's Almond Biscotti,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/260575/chef-johns-almond-biscotti/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

Wikipedia, “Almond meal." [Online]. Available:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_meal. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

Wikipedia, “Almond meal." [Online]. Available:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond_meal. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

amphibian and reptile

SoftSchool.com, "Amphibians vs. Reptiles." [Online]. Available: http://www.softschools.com/difference/amphibians_vs_reptiles/42/. [Accessed Nov.16, 2018]

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400657. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

animal fat, processed

The processed animal fats include rendered or extracted (possibly refined and/or clarified) fats from land and aquatic mammals and poultry and fats and oils derived from fishes.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400772. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Appetizer,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/appetizer. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

apple cider vinegar

Wikipedia, “Apple cider vinegar." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider_vinegar. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

aquatic animal product

Type 08 - Aquatic animal products Aquatic animal products are derived from the edible parts of various aquatic animals, usually wild, harvested for food.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400656. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - edible peel

assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - edible peel

The assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - edible peel are derived from the immature or mature fruits of a large variety of perennial plants, usually shrubs or trees. The fruits are fully exposed to pesticides during the growing season (period of fruit development). The whole fruit may be consumed in a succulent or processed form.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400672. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - inedible peel

assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit - inedible peel

The assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruits - inedible peel are derived from the immature or mature fruits of a large variety of perennial plants, usually shrubs or trees. Fruits are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season (period of fruit development) but the edible portion is protected by skin, peel or husk. The edible part of the fruits may be consumed in a fresh or processed form.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400673. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

the back and sides of the hog, salted and dried or smoked, usually sliced thin and fried for food

Dictionary.com, “bacon.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bacon. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

chicken tenders

chicken dish involving a flap of chicken meat found on, and easily detached from, the breast which is ooked by dry heat in an oven

Wiktionary, “chicken tender,” Dec. 2017. [Online]. Available: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chicken_tender. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018] English Oxford Living Dictionaries, “baked,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/baked. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

the strains of yeast commonly used as a leavening agent in baking bread and bakery products, where it converts the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol

Wikipedia, “Baker's yeast." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker%27s_yeast. [Accessed: Nov. 22, 2018]

a white crystalline compound, NaHCO3, chemically known as sodium bicarbonate, that is used especially in beverages and as a leavening agent to make baked goods

“baking soda ,” the free dictionary. [Online]. Available: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/baking+soda [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

a powder used as a leavening agent in making baked goods (such as quick breads) that typically consists of sodium bicarbonate, an acidic substance (such as cream of tartar), and starch or flour

“Baking powder,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/baking%20powder. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

balsamic vinegar

“Balsamic vinegar,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/balsamic%20vinegar. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

an elongated usually tapering tropical fruit with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft usually yellow rind

“Banana ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/banana. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

banana blueberry almond flour muffin

Allrecipes.com, “Banana Blueberry Almond Flour Muffins ,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/238012/banana-blueberry-almond-flour-muffins-gluten-free/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

Wikipedia, “Banana bread,” Oct. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_bread. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

“Basil,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/basil [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

“Beef,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/beef. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

EATBYDATE, “Beef Broth Substitutes,” 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.eatbydate.com/substitutions/beef-broth-substitute/. [Accessed Oct. 27, 2018]

a Filipino beef soup cooked until the meat becomes really tender and with vegetables like potatoes, beans, and cabbage that makes this simple soup healthy and flavorful

Foxy folksy, “NILAGANG BAKA (FILIPINO BEEF SOUP WITH VEGETABLES),” June 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.foxyfolksy.com/nilagang-baka-filipino-beef-soup-vegetables/. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

a food dish that combines beef with a variety of other ingredients, such as potatoes, vegetables, herbs, spices, and broth to create a savory dish, rich in flavor and often served as the main dish

Recipetips.com, “Beef Stew,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.recipetips.com/glossary-term/t--36245/beef-stew.asp. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

berry and other small fruit

Berries and other small fruits are derived from a variety of perennial plants and shrubs having fruit characterized by a high surface: weight ratio. The fruits are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season (blossoming until harvest). The entire fruit, often including seed, may be consumed in a succulent or processed form.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400671. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

being or inducing the one of the four basic taste sensations that is peculiarly acrid acrid, astringent, or disagreeable and suggestive of an infusion of hops

“Bitter,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bitter. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

a spice that consists of the dried berry of an Indian vine ground with the black husk still on

“Balck Pepper,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/black pepper. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

black peppercorns

“Peppercorn ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/peppercorn. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

the edible, usually bluish berry of various shrubs belonging to the genus Vaccinium, of the heath family

Dictionary.com, “blueberry.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/blueberry. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

braised balsamic chicken

a Mediterranean-inspired chicken recipe by cooking the chicken with both wet and dry heats, signatured by the balsamic vinegar in the recipe

Wikipedia, “Braising." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braising. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018] , Sanderson Farms, “Balsamic Braised Chicken Thighs." [Online]. Available: http://sandersonfarms.mobi/recipes/balsamic-braised-chicken-thighs/. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

brassica (cole or cabbage) vegetable, head cabbage, flowerhead brassica

brassica (cole or cabbage) vegetable, head cabbage, flowerhead brassica

Brassica (cole or cabbage) vegetables and flowerhead brassicas are foods derived from the leafy heads, stems and immature inflorescences of plants belonging to the genus Brassica or the family Cruciferae. Although Kohlrabi does not comply fully with the description above, for convenience and because of the similarity in residue behaviour the commodity is classified in this group. Koblrabi is a tuber-like enlargement of the stem. The edible part of the crop is partly protected from pesticides applied during the growing season by outer leaves, or skin (Kohlrabi). The entire vegetable after discarding obviously decomposed or withered leaves may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400675. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Breakfast,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breakfast. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

breakfast recipe

“Breakfast,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/breakfast. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

“Brown Surgar,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brown sugar. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

“Brownie,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/brownie. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

a combination of breakfast and lunch eaten usually during the late morning to early afternoon, generally served from 10am up to 2pm, and regularly has some form of alcoholic drink (most usually champagne or a cocktail) served with it

Wikipedia, “Brunch." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunch. [Accessed: Nov. 16, 2018]

Bulb vegetables are pungent highly flavoured foods derived from fleshy scale bulbs in some commodities including stem and leaves, of the genus Allium of the lily family (Lilaceae). Bulb fennel is included in this group; the bulb-like growth of this commodity gives rise to similar residues. The subterranean parts of the bulbs and shoots are protected from direct exposure to pesticides during the growing season. The entire bulb may be consumed after removal of the parchment-like skin. The leaves and stems of some species or cultivars may also be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400674. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

a solid emulsion of fat globules, air, and water made by churning milk or cream and used as food

“Butter ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/butter. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

by-product, used for animal feeding purposes, derived from fruit and vegetable processing

by-product, used for animal feeding purposes, derived from fruit and vegetable processing

The commodities of this group are by-products derived from fruit and vegetable processing which are mainly used for animal feeding purposes either as a part of the ration of livestock animals as such, or as an element in the manufacture of compounded feeds. The commodities are prepared, in general, in a dry form for wholesale or retail distribution.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400767. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

any of several brassicas of European origin especially a leafy garden plant with a short stem and a dense globular head of usually green leaves that is used as a vegetable

“Cabbage ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cabbage. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

sugar obtained from sugar cane, identical with that obtained from the sugar beet

Dictionary.com, “cane sugar.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cane-sugar. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Wikipedia, “Canola oil." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canola_oil. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

“Carrot,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/carrot. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

a European herb the carrot family specifically one of a cultivated variety with leafstalks eaten raw or cooked

“Celery ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/celery. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

Cereal grains are derived from the ears (heads) of starchy seeds produced by a variety of plants, primarily of the grass family (Grainineae) Buckwheat, a dicotyledonous crop belonging to the botanical family Polygonaceae and two Chenopodium species, belonging to the botanical family Chenopodiaceae are included in this group, because of similarities in size and type of the seed, residue pattern and the use of the commodity. The edible seeds are protected to varying degrees from pesticides applied during flee growing season by husks. Husks are removed before processing and/or consumption. Cereal grains are often exposed to post-harvest treatments with pesticides.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400683. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

cereal grain milling fraction

Cereal grain milling fractions includes milling fractions of cereal grains at the final stage of milling and separation in the fractions. The group also includes the processed brans, as prepared for direct consumption.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400761. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Description of food structures

“Characteristic,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/characteristic. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

A class that houses all categories of properties that ingredients can have. Includes things like "texture" and "flavor"

chayote squash

pear-shaped fruit of a West Indian annual vine (Sechium edule) of the gourd family that is widely cultivated as a vegetable

“Chayote,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chayote. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

Dictionary.com, “cheese.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cheese. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

chemical food product

a food substance derived from a nonliving source (e.g., salt, water or synthesized compounds)

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03411041. [Accessed Nov. 19, 2018].

“Chicken,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chicken. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

vocabulary.com, “chicken broth.” [Online]. Available: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/chicken%20broth. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Allrecipes.com, “Fruited Curry Chicken Salad,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/15735/fruited-curry-chicken-salad/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

“Chuck steak,” WIKIPEDIA [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_steak [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

the strong-scented leaves of the coriander plant, used in salads or to flavor and garnish food

Dictionary.com, “cilantro.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cilantro. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Citrus fruits are produced on trees or shrubs of the family Rutaceae. These fruits are characterized by aromatic oily peel, globular form and interior segments of juice-filled vesicles. The fruit is fully exposed to pesticides during the growing season. Post-harvest treatments with pesticides and liquid waxes are often carried out to avoid deterioration during transport and distribution due to fungal diseases, insect pests or loss of moisture. The fruit pulp may be consumed in succulent form and as a juice. The entire fruit may be used for preserves.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400668. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Clove,” WIKIPEDIA [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clove [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

unsweetened cocoa powder

an unsweetened powder produced by grinding the seeds of the fruit of a tropical evergreen tree called the cacao, or cocoa tree

The Spruce Eats, “What Is Cocoa Powder?,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-cocoa-powder-520351. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

the large, hard-shelled seed of the coconut palm, lined with a white edible meat, and containing a milky liquid

Dictionary.com, “coconut.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coconut. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

the clear, potable liquid contained within the young hollow seed of the coconut palm

Dictionary.com, “coconut milk.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/coconut-milk. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Dictionary.com, “corn syrup.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/corn-syrup. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

“Corned beef ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corned beef. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

corned beef hash

a culinary dish consisting of diced or chopped meat, potatoes and spices that are mixed together and cooked by themselves or with other ingredients such as onions

Wikipedia, “Hash (food),” Aug. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_(food). [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

Allrecipes.com, “Corned Beef Hash,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/33129/corned-beef-hash/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

starch made from corn and used in foods as a thickening agent, in making corn syrup and sugars, and in the manufacture of adhesives and sizes for paper and textiles

“Cornstarch ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cornstarch. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

dfferent types of specific sets of food items that are served together during a meal

Wikipedia , “Course (food)." [Online]. Available: http://www.montignac.com/en/the-glycemic-index-concept/. [Accessed Nov. 1 2018]

Wikipedia, “Milk." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Cow's_milk. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

“Creamy,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/creamy. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

“Crumbly,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crumbly. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

“Crunchy,” Dictionary.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/crunchy?s=t. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

This is a subclass of texture and is one of the textural components that could be considered for substitutions

Crustaceans are aquatic animals of various species, wild or cultivated, which have an inedible chitinous outer shell. A small number of species live in fresh water but most species live in brackish water and/or in the sea. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism or water pollution. Crustaceans are prepared for wholesale or retail distribution at a "raw" stage, often still alive, "raw" and deep-frozen or cooked directly after catching and deep-frozen. Shrimps or prawns may also be parboiled and thereafter deep-frozen. Although the cooked or parboiled crustaceans should be regarded as processed foods, the animals of this group are primarily classified in the Chapter on Primary food commodities, Type 8: Aquatic animal products, since several crustaceans are also-marketed in a "raw" form, i.e. not exposed to temperatures sufficiently high to coagulate the protein at the surface. A short reference to processed Crustaceans is given in Type 17: Derived edible products of animal origin, Group 084 Crustaceans, processed. The entire commodity except the shell may be consumed: the "raw" commodities, in general, after cooking. In some countries, species such as the Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) are included in the commodity "Prawns" with some qualifying designation, such as Dublin Bay Prawn or Prawn of Bantry Bay (both Ireland).The Codex Stan. 92-1981 on Quick Frozen Shrimps and Prawns does not prevent this practice, provided that the designation on the label ensures that the consumer will not be misled. There is no clear-cut distinction between Shrimps and Prawns. In several countries the commodity name-Shrimps is used for the small species whereas the slightly larger ones are called Prawns. However, a species marked in certain regions of the world as "Prawn" may be called in the local English language in other areas a shrimp and visa versa, e.g., Pandalus borcalis is called Northern prawn or Deepwater prawn in the United Kingdom and the same species is named Pink shrimp in Canada. In Australia only the name Prawn is used for animals included in this commodity. Not including the Freshwater species of the Palaemonidae.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400750. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

crustacean, processed

Crustaceans are processed to a large extent before entering the national or international trade channels. Crabs, lobsters and shrimps or prawns are in general cooked directly after catching. Thereafter either the animals are deep frozen with or without shell, or the meat without shell is canned, with or without a packing medium. The latter may consist of water, salt, lemon juice and sugars. Shrimps or prawns may also be "parboiled" and thereafter deep-frozen. According to the relevant Codex Standards, namely 92-1981, and 95-1981 "cooked" means heated for a period of time such that the thermal centre reaches a temperature adequate to coagulate the protein and "parboiled" means heated for a period of such time that the surface of the product Codex Alimentarius reaches a temperature adequate to coagulate the protein at the surface but inadequate to coagulate the protein at the thermal centre. The cooked commodities are in general subjected to deep-freezing directly after cooking or the cooking is part of the canning process. The designation cooked after the commodity may include any of the processes mentioned except the parboiled and deep-frozen shrimps or prawns. The entire commodity except the shell may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400771. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

relating to, conforming to, or having the international thermometric scale on which the interval between the triple point of water and the boiling point of water is divided into 99.99 degrees with 0.01° representing the triple point and 100° the boiling point

“Celsius,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Celsius. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

relating or conforming to a thermometric scale on which under standard atmospheric pressure the boiling point of water is at 212 degrees above the zero of the scale, the freezing point is at 32 degrees above zero, and the zero point approximates the temperature produced by mixing equal quantities by weight of snow and common salt

“Fahrenheit,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Fahrenheit. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

derived edible product of animal origin

Type 17 - Derived edible products of animal origin The term "Derived edible products" means foods or edible substances isolated from primary food commodities or raw agricultural commodities not intended for human consumption as such, using physical, biological and chemical processes. This type includes processed (rendered or extracted, possibly refined and/or clarified) fats from mammals, including aquatic mammals, poultry and aquatic organisms such as fishes

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400665. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

derived milk product

Derived milk products include food or edible substances isolated from the primary food commodity cattle milk, or milks from other mammals, using physical, biological and chemical processes. This group and the commodities therein will only be used if necessary for pesticides which are not partitioned exclusively or nearly exclusively into the milk fat. For further explanation, see Group 082. This group includes among others the following food commodities, as defined in the relevant Codex Standards, see CAC/VOL. XXI, Ed-1 (1984): Butter, whey butter, both in Standard A-1 (1971), Butteroil, anhydrous butteroil, both in Standard A-2 (1973); Cream, Standard A-9 (1976); Cream powders (half cream, high fat), Standard A-10 (1971); Edible acid casein, Standard A-12 (1976): Edible caseinates, Standard A-13 (1976). Specific commodities will be listed in this group with their code nos. accordingly as the necessity for this arises.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400774. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

derived product of plant origin

Type 13 - Derived edible products of plant origin "Derived edible products" are foods or edible substances isolated from primary food commodities or raw agricultural commodities, not intended for human consumption as such, using physical, biological or chemical processing. This type of processed food includes groups such as vegetable oils (crude and refined), by-products of the fractionation of cereals fruit juices, teas (fermented and dried), cocoa powder and by-products of cocoa manufacturing, and extracts of various plants.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400661. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

a usually sweet course or dish (as of pastry or ice cream) usually served at the end of a meal

“Dessert,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dessert. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

diadromoous fish

The diadromous fishes in general migrate from the sea to brackish and/or freshwater and in the opposite direction. The anadromous species spawn in fresh water (streams, small rivers and brooks) e.g. several salmon species, whereas eels spawn in the ocean. Some species, such as trout, are domesticated and do not migrate. They are bred in fish farms in ponds, mountain streams etc. The latter species especially may be exposed to pesticides through compounded fish feed and also through water pollution. The fleshy parts of the animals and, to a lesser extent, roe and milt are consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400746. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Description of food structures

High level term in the ontology

J. Cantais et al., “An Example of Food Ontology for Diabetes Control,” In Proceedings of Workshop on Ontology, Jan. 2005. [Abstract]. Available: CiteSeerX, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.8373. [Accessed Oct. 1, 2018]

“Dinner,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dinner. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

“Dinner,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dinner. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

something that a person habitually does not like or enjoy, a feeling of aversion or disapproval

“Dislike,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dislike. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

A person may dislike a certain ingredient so the ontology should remove recipes for its list that contain that ingredient if it can and still hit its quota

dried cranberry

Wikipedia, “Dried cranberry." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_cranberry. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

Dried fruits. The commodities of this group are in general artificially dried. They may or may not be preserved or candied with addition of sugars. Exposure to pesticides may arise from pre-harvest applications, post-harvest treatment of the fruits before processing, or treatment of the dried fruit to avoid losses during transport and wholesale or retail distribution.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400756. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Dried herbs. The commodities of this group are in general artificially dried and often comminuted. For the commodities on the "fresh" state see Group 027 Herbs. Exposure to pesticides is from pre-harvest applications and/or treatment of the dry commodities. They are often consumed in the dried form or soaked as a condiment in food commodities of plant or animal origin or in drinks, generally in small amounts

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400758. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

dried meat and fish product

Dried meat and fish products, includes natural or artificial dried meat products and dried fishes, mainly marine fishes. Most of the dried fishes are naturally dried (wind and sun). For convenience other marine animals, whether or not fishes or Crustaceans, are classified in this group. The entire commodity may be consumed, either as such or after processing (c.q. dried fish).

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400769. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

dried vegetable

Dried vegetables. The commodities of this group are in general artificially dried and often comminuted. Exposure to pesticides is from pre-harvest applications and or treatment of the dry commodities. The entire commodity may be consumed after soaking or boiling.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400757 [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

edible offal (mammalian)

Edible offal are edible tissue and organs other than muscles (= meat) and animal fat from slaughtered animals as prepared for wholesale or retail distribution. Examples: liver, kidney, tongue, heart, stomach, sweetbread (thymus gland), braln, etc. The group name and definitions are in conformity with those recorded in the Codex Standards 89-1981 and 98-1981, Codex Standard for Luncheon Meat and Codex Standard for Cooked Cured Chopped Meat respectively: "Edible offal" means such offal as have been passed as fit for human consumption, but not including lungs, ears, scalp, snout (including lips and muzzle), mucous membranes, sinews, genital system, udders, intestines and urinary bladder". In the former Classification of Food and Food Groups in the Guide to Codex Maximum Limits for Pesticide Residues 1978; CAC/PR 1-1978 the name Meat by-products was used for this group. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism following oral intake with feed or through dermal intake as a consequence of external use of pesticides on livestock animals against ectoparasites. The entire commodity may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400739. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Dictionary.com, “egg.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/egg. [Accessed Oct. 5, 2018]

Your Food Allergy Field Guide. (2017). [pdf] Food Allergy Research and Education. Available at: https://www.foodallergy.org/sites/default/files/migrated-files/file/field-guide.pdf [Accessed 3 Oct. 2018].

Eggs are the fresh edible portion of the body produced by female birds, especially domestic fowl. The edible portion includes egg yolk and egg white after removal of the shell.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400744. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Entree,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/entree. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

fish roe (including milt = soft roe) and edible offal of fish

fish roe (including milt = soft roe) and edible offal of fish

Fish roes are the edible reproductive bodies of several species of fish. Of some of these only the "hard roe", the female reproductive body, is used whereas both the "hard" and "soft" roe (milt) of other species is marketed. The term roe used in flee commodity description includes if relevant both types of roe. The liver of some species is used as such for human consumption or for production of liver oils (e.g. cod liver oil). Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400748. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

five Ingredient recipes

Cambridge Dictionary, “ingredient.” [Online]. Available: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ingredient. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Subclass of food characteristic

“Flavor,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flavor. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

A property of food that will allow the ontology to group things that taste similar together which will aid in substitution logic

flourless coconut and almond cake

Allrecipes.com, “Flourless Coconut and Almond Cake,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/241524/flourless-coconut-and-almond-cake/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

Description of food structures

High level term in the ontology

J. Cantais et al., “An Example of Food Ontology for Diabetes Control,” In Proceedings of Workshop on Ontology, Jan. 2005. [Abstract]. Available: CiteSeerX, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.8373. [Accessed Oct. 1, 2018]

“Forbid,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forbid. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

Something that a user has forbidden absolutely must not appear in any recipe that is listed, this will be used to build things like allergy or dietary restriction

freshwater fish

The freshwater fishes generally remain lifelong,including flee spawning period,in fresh water (lakes, ponds, rivers and brooks). Several species of freshwater fish are domesticated and bred in fish farms. Exposure of the latter species to pesticides is mainly through compounded fish feed and can also be through water pollution.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400745. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

frog, lizard, snake and turtle

Frog, lizard, snake and turtle products are the edible parts from various animal species of the zoological classes Amphibia and Reptilia, usually wild, harvested for food. Some frog species are cultivated in a few European and Asian countries and to a small extent in the USA and "marketed" in the form of deep-frozen frog legs. The wild species are marketed in the same manner. A few turtle species are raised from eggs or hatchlings in some tropical countries, especially the Green Turtle. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism. The entire product, except the bones and the bony or horny outer shell (turtles), may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400751. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Fruits are derived from many different kinds of perennial plants, trees and shrubs, usually cultivated. They consist mostly of the ripe, often sweet, succulent or pulpy developed plant ovary and its accessory parts, commonly and traditionally known as fruit. Exposure to pesticides is dependent on the particular part of the fruit used for food. Fruits may be consumed whole, after the removal of the peel, or in part, and in the form of fresh, dried or processed products.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400649 [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Fruit juices are pressed from various mature fruits, either from the whole fruits or from the pulp (Type 1 and fruits from fruiting vegetables, Groups 011 and 012). A small amount of preserving agent(s) may be added to the juices during processing. The juices are often prepared for international trade in a concentrated form which is reconstituted for wholesale or retail distribution to about the original juice concentration as obtained by the pressing process.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400766. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

fruiting vegetable, cucurbit

Fruiting vegetables, Cucurbits are derived from the immature or mature fruits of various plants, belonging to the botanical family Cucurbitaceae; usually these are annual vines or bushes. These vegetables are fully exposed to pesticides during the period of fruit development. The edible portion of those fruits of which the inedible peel is discarded before consumption is protected from most pesticides, by the skin or peel, except from pesticides with a systemic action. The entire fruiting vegetables or the edible portion after discarding the inedible peel may be consumed in the fresh form or after processing.The entire immature fruit of some of the fruiting vegetables species may be consumed, whereas only the edible portion of the mature fruit of the same species, after discarding the then inedible peel, is consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400676. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

fruiting vegetable, other than cucurbit

Fruiting vegetables, other than Cucurbits are derived from the immature and mature fruits of various plants, usually annual vines or bushes. The group includes edible fungi and mushrooms, being comparable organs of lower plants. Many plants of this group belong to the botanical family Solanaceae. This group does not include fruits of vegetables of the botanical family Cucurbitaceae or the pods of vegetables of the Leguminosae-family. The vegetables of this group are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the period of fruit development, except those of which the edible portion is covered by husks, such as sweet corn, ground cherries (Physalis spp.). The latter fruiting vegetables are protected from most pesticides by the husk except from pesticides with a systemic action. The entire fruiting vegetable or the edible portion after discarding husks or peels may be consumed in a fresh form or after processing.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400677. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Garlic ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/garlic. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

gluten free coconut cake

a cake frosted with a white frosting and covered in coconut flakes, with no ingredients contain gluten

Allrecipes.com, “Gluten-Free Coconut Cake,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/237655/gluten-free-coconut-cake/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search&clickId=cardslot%201. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018] Wikipedia, “Gluten." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018] Wikipedia, “Coconut cake." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_cake. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018]

guten free flour

Baking Bites, "What is Gluten Free Flour?"[Online]. Available: http://bakingbites.com/2013/01/what-is-gluten-free-flour/. [Accessed Nov. 1, 2018]

gluten free recipes

Wikipedia, “Gluten." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018]

golden kamut bread

kingarthurflour.com, "GOLDEN KAMUT BREAD. [Online]. Available: https://www.kingarthurflour.com/recipes/golden-kamut-bread-recipe. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

“Gooey,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gooey. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

TYPE 03 - GRASSES Grasses are herbaceous annual and perennial monocotyledonous plants of different kinds, cultivated extensively for their ears (heads) of starchy seeds used directly for the production of food. Grasses used for animal feed are classified under Class C; Primary Animal feed commodities, Group 051. The plants are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400651. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

grass for sugar and syrup production

Grasses For sugar or syrup production, includes species of grasses with a high sugar content especially in the stem. The stems are mainly used for sugar or syrup production, and to a small extent as vegetables or sweets. The leaves, ears and several wastes of the sugar or syrup manufacturing process are used, among others, as animal feed see Group 052: Miscellaneous fodder and forage crops).

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400684. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Greasy,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/greasy. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

a young onion with a slender green stalk and a small bulb, used as a table vegetable, usually raw,especially in salads; scallion

Dictionary.com, “green onion.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-onion. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

the mild-flavored, unripe fruit of the bell or sweet pepper, Capsicum annuum grossum, used as a greenvegetable

Dictionary.com, “green pepper.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/green-pepper. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

grilled chicken kabob

Allrecipes.com, “Rosemary Ranch Chicken Kabobs,” 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.allrecipes.com/recipe/64513/rosemary-ranch-chicken-kabobs/?internalSource=hub%20recipe&referringContentType=Search. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

has conversion

“Converting,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/converting. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

has cooking temprature

Dictionary.com, “temperature.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/temperature. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

"Cook Time," Collins English Dictionary. [Online]. Available: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/cooking-time

Dictionary.com, “flavor.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/flavor?s=t. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

a property of ingredients that show whether or not that Ingredient contains gluten

Wikipedia, “Gluten." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluten. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018]

has glycemic index

has a glycemic indexe value which measures carbs’ from the perspective of their pure sugar/starch content in order to determine how they affect glycemia (blood sugar levels) after meals

Méthod Montignac , “The Glycemic Index Concept,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.montignac.com/en/the-glycemic-index-concept/. [Accessed Nov. 1 2018]

Merriam-Webster, “ingredient,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ingredient. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

Merriam-Webster, “save,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/save. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

Dictionary.com, “texture.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/texture?s=t. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

Herbs consist of leaves, flowers, stems and roots from a variety of herbaceous plants, used in relatively small amounts as condiments to flavour foods or beverages. They are used either in fresh or naturally dried form. Herbs are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season. Post-harvest treatments are often carried out on dried herbs. Herbs are consumed as components of other foods in succulent and dried forms or as extracts of the succulent products.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400688. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

TYPE 05 - HERBS AND SPICES Herbs and spices are the flavoursome or aromatic leaves, stems, roots, flowers or fruits of a variety of plants used to impart special flavours to food and beverages.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400653. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

high glycemic recipe

a class of recipes that contains an ingredient with a glycemic index of 50 or more

Montignac Method, “Search for a specific Glycemic Index,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.montignac.com/en/search-for-a-specific-glycemic-index/. [Accessed Nov. 1, 2018]

a sweet viscid material elaborated out of the nectar of flowers in the honey sac of various bees

“Honey,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honey. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

a period of time equal to one twenty-fourth of a mean solar or civil day and equivalent to 60 minutes

Dictionary.com, “hour.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hour. [Accessed Oct. 5, 2018]

This is one of the values used to explain preparation/cooking time

B. Griffin, "Easy Slow-Cooker Pot Roast," Epicurious. [Online]. Available: https://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/easy-slow-cooker-beef-pot-roast [Accessed 3 Oct. 2018].

Description of food structures

Cambridge Dictionary, “ingredient.” [Online]. Available: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/ingredient. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

invertebrate animal

animal that lacks a vertebral column, or backbone, in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates

Encyclopaedia Britannica, "Invertebrate," October 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/animal/invertebrate. [Accessed Nov.16, 2018]

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400658. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Merriam-Webster, “allergic,”2018. [Online]. Available https https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allergic. [Accessed Oct. 13, 2018]

is recommended for course

Wikipedia , “Course (food)." [Online]. Available: http://www.montignac.com/en/the-glycemic-index-concept/. [Accessed Nov. 1 2018]

is recommended for meal

Wikipedia, “Meal." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018]

Kamut, “The grain,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.kamut.com/en/discover/the-grain. [Accessed Oct. 20, 2018]

foodrepublic.com, "What Is Kamut?" [Online]. Available: http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/04/15/what-is-kamut/. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

kingarthurflour.com, "baking with ancient grains: KUMAT FLOUR. [Online]. Available: https://www.kingarthurflour.com/guides/baking-with-ancient-grains/kamut-flour/. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

kamut pancake

kingarthurflour.com, "baking with ancient grains: KUMAT FLOUR. [Online]. Available: https://www.kingarthurflour.com/guides/baking-with-ancient-grains/kamut-flour/. [Accessed Nov.9, 2018]

“Lamb,” WIKIPEDIA [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

leafy vegetable (including brassica leafy vegetable)

leafy vegetable (including brassica leafy vegetable)

Leafy vegetables are foods derived from the leaves of a wide variety of edible plants, usually annuals or biennials. They are characterized by a high surface:weight ratio. The leaves are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season. The entire leaf may be consumed, either fresh or after processing or household cooking.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400678. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

legume vegetable

Legume vegetables are derived from the succulent seed and immature pods of leguminous plants commonly known as beans and peas. Pods are fully exposed to pesticides during the growing season, whereas the succulent seed is protected within the pod from most pesticides, except pesticides with systemic action. The succulent forms may be consumed as whole pods or as the shelled product.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400679. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“lemon juice,” the free dictionary. [Online]. Available: https://www.thefreedictionary.com/lemon+juice. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

less then one hour recipes

Dictionary.com, “hour.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hour. [Accessed Oct. 5, 2018]

“Lunch,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lunch. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

“Lunch,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lunch. [Accessed: 25-Oct-2018].

mammalian fat

Mammalian fats, excluding milk fats are derived from the fatty tissues of animals (not processed). For processed animal fats see Group 085. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism following oral intake with feed or through dermal intake as a consequence of external use of the pesticides against ectoparasites. The entire commodity may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400738. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

mammalian product

TYPE 06 - MAMMALIAN PRODUCTS Mammalian products are derived from the edible parts of various mammals, primarily herbivorous, slaughtered for food. These mammals are usually domesticated, or to a lesser extent obtained as game animals. This type does not include edible products from marine mammals, for which see Group 044.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400654. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured food (multi-ingredient) of animal origin

manufactured food (multi-ingredient) of animal origin

19 Manufactured food (multi-ingredient) of animal origin The term "multi-ingredient manufactured food" means a processed food consisting of more than one major ingredient. A multi-ingredient food consisting of ingredients of both animal and plant origin will be included in this type if the ingredient(s) of animal origin is (are) predominant

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400667. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured food (multi-ingredient) of plant origin

manufactured food (multi-ingredient) of plant origin

The term "multi-ingredient manufactured food" means a processed food, consisting of more than one major ingredient. A multi-ingredient food consisting of ingredients of both plant and animal origin will be included in this type if the ingredient(s) of plant origin is (are) predominant.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400663. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured food (single ingredient) of plant origin

manufactured food (single ingredient) of plant origin

Type 14 - Manufactured Foods (single-ingredient) of plant origin The term "single-ingredient manufactured food" means a "processed food" which consists of one identifiable food ingredient, with or without packing medium or minor ingredients, such as flavouring agents, spices and condiments, and which is normally pre-packaged and ready for consumption with or without cooking.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400662. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured food (single-ingredient) of animal origin

manufactured food (single-ingredient) of animal origin

The term "single ingredient manufactured food" means a processed food which consists of one identifiable food ingredient, with or without packing medium or minor ingredients such as flavouring agents, spices and condiments, and which is normally pre-packaged and ready for consumption, with or without cooking.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400666. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured milk product (multi-ingredient) of animal origin

manufactured milk product (multi-ingredient) of animal origin

This group and the commodities therein will only be used in the classification if necessary for pesticides which are not partitioned exclusively or nearly exclusively into the milk fat. For further explanation see Group 082. This group includes among others the following commodities, as defined in the relevant Codex Standards, see CAC/VOL.XVI, Ed-1 (1984); Processed Cheese Products, Codex Standard A-8(a) and A-8(b) (1978) Processed Cheese Preparations, Standard A-8(c) (1978); Flavoured Yoghurt, Standard A-11(b) (1976); Sweetened Condensed Milk, Standard A-4 (1971). Specific commodities will be listed in this group with their code nos. accordingly as the necessity for this arises.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400776. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured milk product (single ingredient) of animal origin

manufactured milk product (single ingredient) of animal origin

This group and the commodities therein will only be used, if the necessity arises, for pesticides which are not partitioned exclusively or nearly exclusively into the milk fat. For further explanation see Group 0 82. This group includes among others the following food commodities, as defined in the relevant Codex Standards (indicated between brackets); Yoghurt (Codex Standard A-11(a) 1975); Cheeses, individually named (Codex Standard A-6 1978 and Standard Standard C-1 (1966-1978). Specific commodities will be listed in this group with their code nos. accordingly as the necessity for this arises

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400775 [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

manufactured multi-ingredient cereal product

The commodities of this group are manufactured with several ingredients; products derived from cereal grains however form the major ingredient.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400768. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

The marine fishes generally live in open seas. They are all or nearly all wild species, caught and prepared (often deep-frozen) for wholesale and retail distribution. Exposure to pesticides is mainly through water pollution and animal metabolism. Especially the fleshy parts of the animals and to a lesser extent roe and milt are consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400747. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

marine mammal

Several sea mammals are caught on a large scale. The meat of various species is used as food or feed in some areas of the world. The blubber (=whale or seal fat) fat and train oil (oil derived from whale fat) is used after processing as raw material in food or feed manufacture; the sperm oil, as well as the spermaceti (a waxy substance from the head of sperm whales) is mainly used in cosmetics and some other industrial products. Exposure to pesticides is by consumption of contaminated prey or through water pollution. The entire commodity except the bones and other inedible parts may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400749. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

a thick dressing of egg yolks, vinegar or lemon juice, oil, and seasonings, used for salads, sandwiches,vegetable dishes, etc

Dictionary.com, “mayonnaise.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mayonnaise. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Wikipedia, “Meal." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal. [Accessed: Oct. 25, 2018]

Description of food structures

“Measure,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/measure. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

meat (from mammal other than marine mammal)

meat (from mammal other than marine mammal)

Meats are the muscular tissues, including adhering fatty tissues such as intramuscular and subcutaneous fat from animal carcases or cuts of these as prepared for wholesale or retail distribution in a "fresh" state. The cuts offered to the consumer may include bones, connective tissues and tendons as well as nerves and lymph nodes. The cornrnodity description of "fresh" meat includes meat which has been quick-frozen or quick-frozen and thawed. The Group does not include edible offal as defined in Group 032. Exposures to pesticides is through animal metabolism following oral intake with feed or through dermal intake as a consequence of external use of pesticides against ectoparasites. The entire commodity except bones may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400737. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

meat from chicken

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400741. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

meat from cow

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400737. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

meat from lamb

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400737. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400737. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Milks are the mammary secretions of various species of lactating herbivorous ruminant animals, usually domesticated. In conformity with the Codex Alimentarius Code of Principles concerning Milk and Milk Products the term "Milk" shall mean exclusively the normal mammary excretion obtained from one or more milkings without either addition thereto or extraction therefrom. Notwithstanding the provisions in the preceding paragraph, "the term "Milk" may be used for milk treated without altering its composition, or for milk, the fat content of which has been standardized under domestic legislation". The entire commodity may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400740. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400773. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Wikipedia, “Milk." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk#Cow's_milk. [Accessed: Nov. 10, 2018]

milled cereal product (early milling stages)

Milled cereal products (early milling stages). The group includes the early milling fractions of cereal grains, except buckwheat, cañihua and quinoa such as husked rice, polished rice and the unprocessed cereal grain brans. Exposure to pesticides is through pre-harvest treatments of the growing cereal grain crop and especially through post-harvest treatment of cereal grains. The entire commodity may be consumed after further processing or household preparation.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400759 [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Dictionary.com, “minute.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/minute?s=t. [Accessed Oct. 5, 2018]

This is one of the values used to explain preparation/cooking time

L. Sadowski, "Dairy-Free, Gluten-Free Chocolate Cake with Ganache", Allergic Living. [Online]. Available: https://www.allergicliving.com/recipes/dairy-free-gluten-free-chocolate-cake-with-ganache/ [Accessed 3 Oct. 2018].

miscellaneaous secondary food commodity of plant origin

miscellaneaous secondary food commodity of plant origin

a "primary food commodity" of various types or from different sources which has undergone simple processing

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400760. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

miscellaneous derived edible product of plant origin

miscellaneous derived edible product of plant origin

Miscellaneous derived edible products include various intermediate products in the manufacture of edible food products. Some of these are used for further processing and not consumed as food or feed as such.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400765. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“Moist,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/moist. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

mollusc (including cephalopod) and other invertebrate animal

mollusc (including cephalopod) and other invertebrate animal

Molluscs are aquatic or land animals or various species, wild or cultivated, which have an inedible outer or inner shell. The edible aquatic Molluscs live mainly in brackish water or in the sea; several species are cultivated. A few edible species of land snails are cultivated. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism: the aquatic species also through water contamination. The entire commodity except the outer or inner shell may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400752. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source

Wikipedia, “Mushroom." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom. [Accessed: Nov. 22, 2018]

“Mushy,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mushy. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

TYPE 04 - NUTS AND SEEDS Nuts and seeds are derived from a large variety of trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants, mostly cultivated. The mature seeds or nuts are used as human food, for the production of beverages or edible vegetable oils and for the production of seed meals and cakes for animal feed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400652. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

nut free recipes

“Nut,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nut. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

“Nutty,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nutty. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

Dictionary.com, “oat.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/oat. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Oilseed consists of seeds from a variety of plants used in the production of edible vegetable oils, seed meals and cakes for animal feed. Some important vegetable oil seeds are by-products of fibre or fruit crops (e.g. cotton seed, olives). Some of the oilseeds are, directly or after slight processing (e.g. roasting), used as food (e.g. peanuts) or for food flavouring (e.g. poppy seed, sesame seed). Oilseeds are protected from pesticides applied during the growing season by the shell or husk.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400686. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

a pale yellow to yellowish-green nondrying oil that is obtained from olives, is high in monounsaturated fat, and is used chiefly as a salad oil and in cooking

“Olive oil,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/olive%20oil. [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

“Onion ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/onion. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

a bushy perennial mint (Origanum vulgare) with leaves that are used as a seasoning and a source of aromatic oil

“Oregano,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oregano [Accessed: 1-Nov-2018]

a usually mild red condiment consisting of the dried finely ground pods of various sweet peppers

“Paprika ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paprika. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

a European biennial herb of the carrot family widely grown for its finely dissected curly or flat leaves which are used as an herb or garnish

“Parsley ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/parsley. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

the pod or the enclosed edible seed of the plant, Arachis hypogaea, of the legume family: the pod is forced underground in growing, where it ripens

Dictionary.com, “peanut.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/peanut. [Accessed Oct. 5, 2018]

Your Food Allergy Field Guide. (2017). [pdf] Food Allergy Research and Education. Available at: https://www.foodallergy.org/sites/default/files/migrated-files/file/field-guide.pdf [Accessed 3 Oct. 2018].

a tall hickory tree, Carya illinoinensis, of the southern U.S. and Mexico, cultivated for its oval, smooth-shelled, edible nuts

Dictionary.com, “pecan.” [Online]. Available: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pecan. [Accessed Nov. 10, 2018]

Pome fruits are produced on trees and shrubs belonging to certain genera of the rose family (Rosaceae), especially the genera Malus and Pyrus. They are characterized by fleshy tissue surrounding a core consisting of parchment-like carpels enclosing the seeds. Pome fruits are fully exposed to pesticides applied during the growing season. Post-harvest treatments directly after harvest may also occur. The entire fruit, except the core, may be consumed in the succulent form or after processing.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400669. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

pot roast with vegetables

slow-cooked beef with carrots, potatoes, or other vegetables added partway through cooking

Myrecipes, “Pot Roast 101,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.myrecipes.com/quick-and-easy/how-to-cook-pot-roast. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

“Potato,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/potato. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

Poultry fats are derived from the fatty tissues of poultry. Exposure to pesticides may result from external treatment of animals or poultry houses or through animal metabolism following oral intake of pesticides with feed. The entire product may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400742. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

poultry meat (including pigeon meat)

Poultry meats are the muscular tissues including adhering fat and skin from poultry carcases as prepared for wholesale or retail distribution. Exposure to pesticides may result from external treatment of animals or poultry houses or through animal metabolism following oral intake of pesticides with feed. The entire product may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400741. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

poultry product

any poultry carcass, or part of it; or any product which is made wholly or partially from any poultry carcass or part of it

The State of Maryland, "Poultry Product," 2014 [Online]. Available: https://definedterm.com/poultry_product. [Accessed Nov.16, 2018]

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

poultry, edible offal of

Poultry edible offal are such edible tissues and organs, other than poultry meat and poultry fat, from slaughtered poultry as have been passed as fit for human consumption. Examples: liver, gizzard, heart, skin etc. In the former Classification of Food and Feed Groups in the Guide to Codex Maximum Limits for Pesticide Residues 1978: CAC/PR 1-1978 the name Poultry by-products was used for this group. Exposure to pesticides is through animal metabolism following oral intake of pesticides with feed or may result from external treatment of animals or poultry houses. The entire product may be consumed.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400743. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

primary food commodity of animal origin

LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400645. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

primary food commodity of fungus origin

NHS, “Eating processed foods,” January 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/what-are-processed-foods/. [Accessed Nov.22 2018]

primary food commodity of plant origin

LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400644. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

processed food of animal origin

LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400648. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

processed food of plant origin

LanguaL curation note: This term is for CLASSIFICATION ONLY; DO NOT USE term in indexing. Use a more precise narrower term.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400647. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

Pulses are derived from the mature seeds naturally or artificially dried, of leguminous plants known as beans (dry) and peas (dry). The seeds in the pods are protected from most pesticides applied during the growing season except pesticides which show a systemic action. The dried beans and peas however are often exposed to post-harvest treatments. The dry pulses are consumed after processing or household cooking.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400680. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

“pumpkin seed - Dictionary Definition,” Vocabulary.com. [Online]. Available: https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/pumpkin seed. [Accessed: 12-Oct-2018].

Description of food structures

BBC, “Food Ontology,” ONTOLOGIES, March 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/ontologies/fo. [Accessed Sep. 29, 2018].

High level term in the ontology

High Energy Breakfast Shake Ingredients: 1 medium banana 1/2 cup whole strawberries 1-1/2 cup low-fat milk 2-1/2 TBS almond butter 2 TBS ground flaxseeds 1-1/2 TBS blackstrap molasses Directions: Blend all ingredients until smooth.

J. Cantais et al., “An Example of Food Ontology for Diabetes Control,” In Proceedings of Workshop on Ontology, Jan. 2005. [Abstract]. Available: CiteSeerX, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.137.8373. [Accessed Oct. 1, 2018]

root and tuber vegetable

Root and tuber vegetables are the starchy enlarged solid roots, tubers, corms or rhizomes, mostly subterranean, of various species of plants, mostly annuals. The underground location protects the edible portion from pesticides applied to the aerial parts of the crop during the growing season; however the commodities in this group are exposed to pesticide residues from soil treatments. The entire vegetable may be consumed in the form of fresh or processed foods.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400681. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

a fragrant shrubby Mediterranean mint having grayish-green needlelike leaves used as a seasoning

“Rosemary ,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rosemary. [Accessed: 26-Oct-2018].

Wikipedia, “Salad." [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salad. [Accessed: Nov. 16, 2018]

a crystalline compound NaCl that consists of sodium chloride, is abundant in nature, and is used especially to season or preserve food or in industry

“Salt,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salt. [Accessed: 13-Oct-2018].

“Salty,” Merriam-Webster. [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/salty. [Accessed: 18-Oct-2018].

saucy shepherd pie

minced red meat cooked in a gravy or sauce with onions and sometimes other vegetables, such as peas, celery or carrots, and topped with a layer of mashed potato before it is baked

Wikipedia, “Shepherd's pie,” Oct. 2018. [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie. [Accessed Oct. 18, 2018]

secondary food commodities of plant origin

The term "secondary food commodity" means a "primary food commodity" which has undergone simple processing, such as removal of certain portions, drying (except natural drying), husking, and comminution, which do not basically alter the composition or identity of the product. Natural field dried mature crops or parts of crops such as pulses, bulb onions or cereal grains are not considered as secondary food commodities. Secondary food commodities may be processed further or used as ingredients in the manufacture of food or sold directly to the consumer.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400660. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

secondary food commodity of animal origin

Type 16 - Secondary food commodities of animal origin The term "secondary food commodity" means a "primary food commodity" which has undergone simple processing, such as removal of certain portions, drying, and comminution, which do not basically alter the composition or identity of the commodity. Secondary food commodities may be processed further, or used as ingredients in the manufacture of food, or sold directly to the consumer. This type of processed food includes groups of processed primary food commodities of animal origin which have undergone simple processing, such as processed mammalian meat and poultry meat, fishes and other aquatic animals, e.g. dried meat, dried fish.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400664. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

secondary milk product

Secondary milk products include milk products which have undergone simple processing such as removal or part removal of certain ingredients e.g. water, milk fat etc. The group and the commodities therein will only be used for pesticides which are not partitioned exclusively or nearly exclusively into the milk fat. The group includes among others the following commodities as defined in the relevant Codex Standards, see CAC/VOL. XVI-Ed. 1 (1984). The reference no. of the standard is indicated between brackets. Milk powders (whole, skimmed and partly skimmed) (Standard A-5 1971); evaporated milks (whole, skimmed) (Standard A-3 1971); skimmed milk. Specific commodities will be listed in this group with their code nos. accordingly as the necessity for this arises.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400770. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].

seed for beverage and sweets

The seeds for beverages and sweets are derived from tropical and sub-tropical trees and shrubs. After processing the seeds are used in the production of beverages and sweets. These seeds are protected from pesticides applied during the growing season by the shell or other parts of the fruit.

BioPortal, “FoodOn,” November 2018. [Online]. Available: https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FOODON/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.obolibrary.org%2Fobo%2FFOODON_03400687. [Accessed Nov. 14, 2018].